CT3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Golden rule of ENERGY?
A
Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transfered.
2
Q
What are the 6 different types of energys?
A
-Electrical
-kenetic
-chemical
-potential
-sound
-light-heat
3
Q
What does G.P.E mean?
A
Gravitational Potential energy
4
Q
What does K.E mean?
A
Kinetic energy
5
Q
What does transverse waves mean?
A
Waves that vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
6
Q
What does longitudinal waves mean?
A
Waves that vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave
7
Q
What does wavelength mean?
A
Distance from one peak to the next(mm-km)
8
Q
What does frequency mean?
A
Number of waves per second
9
Q
What does amplitude mean?
A
Height of the wave
10
Q
What does hertz mean?
A
measurement of frequency
11
Q
What does trough mean?
A
Bottom of the wave
12
Q
What does peak mean?
A
Top of the wave
13
Q
What does sound travel faster through?
A
Solid not air
14
Q
What does electromagnetic mean?
A
they travel through a medium particles
15
Q
What is a vacum?
A
no particles (empty)
16
Q
What does mechanical mean?
A
These vibrations travel through a substance / medium
17
Q
What is the triangle for calculating wave speed?
A
Velocity
divided by
Frequency / Wavelength
18
Q
What is the triangle calculating microcopes?
A
Image size
Divided By
Actual size/magnification
19
Q
How do you calculate the frequency?
A
Number of waves seen / time period(s)
20
Q
What is the equipment for investigating waves?
A
-ripple tank
-stop watch
-camera
-ruler
21
Q
What is the first step in investigating waves?
A
Set up a ripple tank and increase the frequency so therefore you decrease the wavelength
22
Q
What is the second step in investigating waves?
A
Place a ruler and a piece of paper underneath the ripple tank. Place the ruler along the long side of the paper.
23
Q
What is the third step in investigating waves?
A
Use the camera to film the waves in slow motion for 10 seconds and count how many waves there are.
24
Q
What is the fourth step in investigating waves?
A
Use a camera to take a photo of the waves and then see the distance of the wavelength using the ruler.
25
What is the fifth step in investigating waves?
Measure start and end point of the ruler. Then use a camera and stopwatch to calculate how long one wave will go from the start to the finish point.
26
What is the sixth step in investigating waves?
Record everything in a table. Record everything more than once.
27
What does 0i mean?
angle of incidence
28
What does 0r mean?
angle of reflection
29
What does ------ mean?
/////
Plain mirror
30
What is the law of reflection?
The angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflection
31
What does refraction mean?
Bending of light
32
What does white light mean?
Spectrum of light
33
What is the visible spectrum?
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
34
What colours can we not see?
Infra-red
Ultra-violet
35
What is infra-red
Heat
36
What are the primary colours of light?
Red, green, blue
37
What does white do to light?
Reflects all colours
38
What does black do to light?
absorbs all colours
39
What does red do to red, green and blue light?
It absorbs the other colours but it reflects red.
40
What does red light + green light=
Yellow light
41
Where is the pina?
outside ear
42
What does the eardrum do?
Vibrates
causes the ossicles to vibrate
43
What does the ear canal do?
Where wax collects
44
What does the outer ear do
Collects sound wave
45
What does the pinna do?
helps focus the sound
46
What type of waves are sound waves?
longitudinal
47
What does the ossicles do?
Cause vibration of watery fluid inside the cochlea
48
What is the cochlea?
Is a fluid and tiny hairs that line the walls
49
What do the hair cells do?
Beat when vibrations in the fluid reach the hairs
They activate the auditory wave
50
What is the hearing range?
20-20,000 Hz
51
What makes up the ossicles?
hammer, anvil, stirrup
52
What waves on the em spectrum are longest to shortest wavelength?
radio
microwave
infrared
visible
ultraviolet
x-ray
gamma
53
What waves on the em spectrum are highest to lowest energy?
Gamma
x-ray
ultraviolet
visible
infrared
microwave
radio
54
What waves on the em spectrum are highest to lowest frequency?
Gamma
x-ray
ultraviolet
visible
infrared
microwave
radio
55
How high is the ultrasound waves frequency?
Upper limit for human hearing
56
Where are ultrasound waves reflected?
boundry
57
What is used to stop the ultrasound reaching the skin?
Gel
58
What is a boundry?
between 2 different material
59
As the frequency gets bigger what happens to the wavelength?
it gets shorter
60
What scans are used to investigate the brain function?
MRI, x-ray, PET and CT
61
How can brain tumours be treated?
radiotherapy and chemotherapy
61
Why might chemotherapy not work?
the blood-brain barrier (a natural filter)
61
Why is scanning better than surgery?
Less chance of infection.
More accurate
Problem could be small
61
What is a CT scan?
It is an x-ray that goes around the head, and detectors measure the absorption of the x-rays. A computer uses the information to build up a view of inside the body as a series of 'slices'.
61
What does CT stand for?
Computer Tornography
61
What does a PET scan do?
The patient is injected with radioactive glucose. More active cells take in more glucose. The radioactive atoms cause gamma rays, which the scanner detects.
61
Why do more active cells take in more glucose?
For respiration
62
Why do they have use the right amount of radioactive glucose?
To not kill the patient
62
What is an impulse?
Electrical signal
62
What happens if the spinal cord is brocken?
Impulses cannot reach the brain
62
What does PET mean?
Posetron Emission Tomography
62
What is radiotherapy?
Use of ionising radiation to treat diseases such as cancer.
62
What is chemotherapy?
Use of drugs to treat diseases such as cancer
62
What is the blood brain barrier?
Natural filter that prevents the entry of some things into the brain
63
What are the different components of the nervous system?
Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, stimuli, sense organs
63
What does the nervous system do?
Enables you to control your body.
Gives you feedback about the world
63
What are the cells of the nervous system?
Neurone
63
How do Neurones work in the nervous system?
They pass messages (impulses) to each other.
63
How many neurones do humans have?
Billions
63
What is the route the impulse takes?
-Sensory receptors collect information from outside and inside the body (organ)
-Travel along a sensory neurone (stimulus)
-Relay neurons pass along the impulses
-The motor neuron receives impulses at a synapse and passes to the effectors
63
What is the function of the cornea?
Helps your eye focus light, so you can see clearly
63
What is the function of the pupil?
Controls the amount of light passing through to the back of the eye
64
What is the function of the retina?
Light sensitive nerve layer that lines the inside of the back of the eye
It creates electrical signals that travel through the optic nerve to brain
64
What is the function of the optic nerve?
connect the retina with the brain and help us interpret what we see.
64
What is the function of the fovea?
for activities where visual detail is important,
64
What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
It changes the shape of the lens which occurs during the accommodation reflex
64
What is the function of the suspensory ligaments?
It maintains and supports the position of the eyeball in its normal upward and forward position
65
What is the function of the lens?
elastic structure that bends to focus light rays onto the retina
65
What is the function of the iris?
Controls the amount of light that enters into the eye
65
What is the function of the choroid layer?
to deliver nutrients to the eye and remove waste water
65
What is the function of the sclera
Forms the 'white' of your eye.
65
What is an effetor?
The part of the body that carries out the action
65
What are motor neurones?
A type of neuron that carried impulses to effectors
65
What are relay neurones?
A type of neuron the links neurones together (found at the spinal cord)
65
What is a synapse?
The gap between two neurones
66
What is neurotransmitter?
The chemical that is released at the synapse
66
What is the reflex?
An automatic response to a stimulus
66
What is the reflex arc?
The pathway taken by impulses into a reflex action
66
What are the axon terminals attached to?
The muscles
66
How does the reflex arc work?
Sensory neuron passes the impulse to the relay neuron at the spinal cord. It then passes the impulse to the motor neuron
66
What is a diploid?
23 pairs of chromosomes
66
What is a haploid?
23 chromosomes (gametes)
67
What is a gamete?
Egg and sperm cells
67
What does variation mean?
Not the same
67
What does clone mean?
Identical
67
How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?
One
67
How many parents are involved in sexual reproduction?
Two
67
What does sexual reproduction do?
The offspring inherits a mixture of features from parents.
67
What does asexual reproduction do?
Offspring produced in this way get all their genes
67
Advantages of asexual reproduction?
Only one parent needed
All offspring are clones
67
Advantages of sexual reproduction?
All offspring are different
67
What is the cerebral cortex?
The main part of the brain. The outside part
67
What is the cerebral hemispheres?
The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres
67
What is the cerebellum?
The part of the brain that controls balance and posture. It is a wrinkled ball of tissue bellow and behind the rest of the brain.
68
What is the medulla oblongata?
Part of the brain that controls heartrate and breathing. It is a ball between the spinal cord
68
What is the function of the cerebral cortex?
Concerned with consciousness, intelligence, memory and language.
68
Why is the cerebral cortex wrinkled?
It increases the surface area of the grey matter, so more information can be processed.
68
What is mitosis?
Makes two identical cells for growth and repair. One cell divides into two identical cells. Happens in body cells. Results in diploid cells
68
What is meiosis?
Makes cells for reproduction. One cell divides into four non-identical cells. Happens in reproductive cells. Results in haploid cells
68
What is the definition of mitosis?
Is like making copies for growth and repair.
68
What is the definition of meiosis?
Is for making special cells
68
What are the 4 similarities of mitosis and meiosis?
Cell division
DNA replication
Cytokinesis
Start with diploid cell
69
What does meiosis look like??
one cell splits into two. Those two cells then each split to create four cells all together
70
What are the different phases of mitosis??
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
71
What is a gene?
Small section of a chromosome, codes for a particular characteristic
72
What is a chromosome??
Lots of genetic information
73
What is DNA made up of??
Bases
74
What base pairs up with Adenine
Thymine
75
What base pairs up with Cytosine??
Guanine
76
What base pairs up with Thymine??
Adenine
77
What base pairs up with Guanine??
Cytosine
78
What holds the bases together??
Hydrogen Bonds WEAK
79
What is the name for adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine??
anino acids
80
What is the shape of the bonds called??
Double helix
81
What is an allele??
a variation of a gene
82
What is the maximum number of amino acids coded for by a strand of DNA??
4
83
What is the first substance in a DNA nucleotide??
phosphate group??
84
What is the second substance in a DNA nucleotide??
pentose sugar
85
Why is enzyme protease added to the mixture when extracting DNA from a pea??
Breaks down proteins
In the membrane
destroys enzymes that may break down the DNA
86
Why is ice-cold ethanol poured into the filtrate when extracting DNA from peas??
DNA is insoluble in ethanol so it allows up to sea the DNA
87
What is the process for extracting DNA??
- crush up/grind/squash cells
- add detergent / salt solution / protease
- heat in a water bath / heat to 60 degrees
- add to ice cold ethanol
- DNA forms as a precipitate / white strands
88
What is the structure of DNA??
- double helix
- sides are made from sugars and phosphate
- bases / A+T, C+G
- bases held by weak hydrogen bonds
89
What type of atoms are involved in ionic bonding?
metal and non-metal
90
What type of atoms are involved in covalent bonding??
two non-metals
91
Why is protein synthesis important??
it helps function our bodies
92
What are the two important steps in protein synthesis??
Transcription and Translation
93
What happens in Transcription?
RNA polymerase unzips the double helix. It then reads the bases and adds the complementary bases to the mRNA chain.
94
What letter replaces T in the mRNA chain?
U
95
What happens after Transcription but before translation?
mRNA slips out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore and heads off to ribosome.
96
What happens in Translation?
tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome for the following codons. The polypeptide chain will fold to protein
97
What is a ribosome responsible for?
for protein synthesis in cells
98
What is atom on periodic table?
Neutral
Same number of Protons and Electrons
99
What is iron?
Not neutral
positive/negative
(loss or gained an electron)
100
What is covalent bonding?
When two non metals share an electron to create both a full outer shell electron.
101
What does delocalised mean?
not attached to any specific centre
102
What does free moving mean?
not attached to any specific centre
103
What does discrete mean?
small and seperate
104
Why are ionic compounds so strong?
The positive and negative ions are attracted, so ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces.
105
Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when they are molten and aqueous?
Ionic compounds are only conductive if the ions are free to move around.
106
What does molten mean?
liquid
107
What does aqueous mean?
solution
108
What does a Buckminsterfullerene look like?
A football structure made up of atoms.
109
How many carbon atoms are in a buckminsterfullerene?
60
110
How does metals conduct heat and electricity?
Metals have delocalised electrons that are free to move and can transfer energy or charge much easier. The energy is transferred from the hotter area to a colder area.
111
Why is the structure of a diamond so strong?
Many strong covalent bonds.
112
Why can graphite conduct electricity and heat?
Graphite has layers of carbon atoms. In the layers, there are free electrons which are able to conduct electricity and heat.
113
Why is graphene so strong?
It has strong covalent bonds
114
Where is graphene used?
In electronics and composites.
