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Science YR9 > CT3 > Flashcards

CT3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Golden rule of ENERGY?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transfered.

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2
Q

What are the 6 different types of energys?

A

-Electrical
-kenetic
-chemical
-potential
-sound
-light-heat

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3
Q

What does G.P.E mean?

A

Gravitational Potential energy

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4
Q

What does K.E mean?

A

Kinetic energy

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5
Q

What does transverse waves mean?

A

Waves that vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the wave.

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6
Q

What does longitudinal waves mean?

A

Waves that vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave

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7
Q

What does wavelength mean?

A

Distance from one peak to the next(mm-km)

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8
Q

What does frequency mean?

A

Number of waves per second

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9
Q

What does amplitude mean?

A

Height of the wave

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10
Q

What does hertz mean?

A

measurement of frequency

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11
Q

What does trough mean?

A

Bottom of the wave

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12
Q

What does peak mean?

A

Top of the wave

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13
Q

What does sound travel faster through?

A

Solid not air

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14
Q

What does electromagnetic mean?

A

they travel through a medium particles

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15
Q

What is a vacum?

A

no particles (empty)

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16
Q

What does mechanical mean?

A

These vibrations travel through a substance / medium

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17
Q

What is the triangle for calculating wave speed?

A

Velocity
divided by
Frequency / Wavelength

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18
Q

What is the triangle calculating microcopes?

A

Image size
Divided By
Actual size/magnification

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19
Q

How do you calculate the frequency?

A

Number of waves seen / time period(s)

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20
Q

What is the equipment for investigating waves?

A

-ripple tank
-stop watch
-camera
-ruler

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21
Q

What is the first step in investigating waves?

A

Set up a ripple tank and increase the frequency so therefore you decrease the wavelength

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22
Q

What is the second step in investigating waves?

A

Place a ruler and a piece of paper underneath the ripple tank. Place the ruler along the long side of the paper.

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23
Q

What is the third step in investigating waves?

A

Use the camera to film the waves in slow motion for 10 seconds and count how many waves there are.

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24
Q

What is the fourth step in investigating waves?

A

Use a camera to take a photo of the waves and then see the distance of the wavelength using the ruler.

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25
Q

What is the fifth step in investigating waves?

A

Measure start and end point of the ruler. Then use a camera and stopwatch to calculate how long one wave will go from the start to the finish point.

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26
Q

What is the sixth step in investigating waves?

A

Record everything in a table. Record everything more than once.

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27
Q

What does 0i mean?

A

angle of incidence

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28
Q

What does 0r mean?

A

angle of reflection

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29
Q

What does —— mean?
/////

A

Plain mirror

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30
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

The angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflection

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31
Q

What does refraction mean?

A

Bending of light

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32
Q

What does white light mean?

A

Spectrum of light

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33
Q

What is the visible spectrum?

A

Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet

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34
Q

What colours can we not see?

A

Infra-red
Ultra-violet

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35
Q

What is infra-red

A

Heat

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36
Q

What are the primary colours of light?

A

Red, green, blue

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37
Q

What does white do to light?

A

Reflects all colours

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38
Q

What does black do to light?

A

absorbs all colours

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39
Q

What does red do to red, green and blue light?

A

It absorbs the other colours but it reflects red.

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40
Q

What does red light + green light=

A

Yellow light

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41
Q

Where is the pina?

A

outside ear

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42
Q

What does the eardrum do?

A

Vibrates
causes the ossicles to vibrate

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43
Q

What does the ear canal do?

A

Where wax collects

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44
Q

What does the outer ear do

A

Collects sound wave

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45
Q

What does the pinna do?

A

helps focus the sound

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46
Q

What type of waves are sound waves?

A

longitudinal

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47
Q

What does the ossicles do?

A

Cause vibration of watery fluid inside the cochlea

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48
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Is a fluid and tiny hairs that line the walls

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49
Q

What do the hair cells do?

A

Beat when vibrations in the fluid reach the hairs
They activate the auditory wave

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50
Q

What is the hearing range?

A

20-20,000 Hz

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51
Q

What makes up the ossicles?

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup

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52
Q

What waves on the em spectrum are longest to shortest wavelength?

A

radio
microwave
infrared
visible
ultraviolet
x-ray
gamma

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53
Q

What waves on the em spectrum are highest to lowest energy?

A

Gamma
x-ray
ultraviolet
visible
infrared
microwave
radio

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54
Q

What waves on the em spectrum are highest to lowest frequency?

A

Gamma
x-ray
ultraviolet
visible
infrared
microwave
radio

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55
Q

How high is the ultrasound waves frequency?

A

Upper limit for human hearing

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56
Q

Where are ultrasound waves reflected?

A

boundry

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57
Q

What is used to stop the ultrasound reaching the skin?

A

Gel

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58
Q

What is a boundry?

A

between 2 different material

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59
Q

As the frequency gets bigger what happens to the wavelength?

A

it gets shorter

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60
Q

What scans are used to investigate the brain function?

A

MRI, x-ray, PET and CT

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61
Q

How can brain tumours be treated?

A

radiotherapy and chemotherapy

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61
Q

Why might chemotherapy not work?

A

the blood-brain barrier (a natural filter)

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61
Q

Why is scanning better than surgery?

A

Less chance of infection.
More accurate
Problem could be small

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61
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

It is an x-ray that goes around the head, and detectors measure the absorption of the x-rays. A computer uses the information to build up a view of inside the body as a series of ‘slices’.

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61
Q

What does CT stand for?

A

Computer Tornography

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61
Q

What does a PET scan do?

A

The patient is injected with radioactive glucose. More active cells take in more glucose. The radioactive atoms cause gamma rays, which the scanner detects.

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61
Q

Why do more active cells take in more glucose?

A

For respiration

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62
Q

Why do they have use the right amount of radioactive glucose?

A

To not kill the patient

62
Q

What is an impulse?

A

Electrical signal

62
Q

What happens if the spinal cord is brocken?

A

Impulses cannot reach the brain

62
Q

What does PET mean?

A

Posetron Emission Tomography

62
Q

What is radiotherapy?

A

Use of ionising radiation to treat diseases such as cancer.

62
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Use of drugs to treat diseases such as cancer

62
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Natural filter that prevents the entry of some things into the brain

63
Q

What are the different components of the nervous system?

A

Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, stimuli, sense organs

63
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Enables you to control your body.
Gives you feedback about the world

63
Q

What are the cells of the nervous system?

A

Neurone

63
Q

How do Neurones work in the nervous system?

A

They pass messages (impulses) to each other.

63
Q

How many neurones do humans have?

A

Billions

63
Q

What is the route the impulse takes?

A

-Sensory receptors collect information from outside and inside the body (organ)
-Travel along a sensory neurone (stimulus)
-Relay neurons pass along the impulses
-The motor neuron receives impulses at a synapse and passes to the effectors

63
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

Helps your eye focus light, so you can see clearly

63
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Controls the amount of light passing through to the back of the eye

64
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Light sensitive nerve layer that lines the inside of the back of the eye

It creates electrical signals that travel through the optic nerve to brain

64
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

connect the retina with the brain and help us interpret what we see.

64
Q

What is the function of the fovea?

A

for activities where visual detail is important,

64
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

It changes the shape of the lens which occurs during the accommodation reflex

64
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligaments?

A

It maintains and supports the position of the eyeball in its normal upward and forward position

65
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

elastic structure that bends to focus light rays onto the retina

65
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls the amount of light that enters into the eye

65
Q

What is the function of the choroid layer?

A

to deliver nutrients to the eye and remove waste water

65
Q

What is the function of the sclera

A

Forms the ‘white’ of your eye.

65
Q

What is an effetor?

A

The part of the body that carries out the action

65
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

A type of neuron that carried impulses to effectors

65
Q

What are relay neurones?

A

A type of neuron the links neurones together (found at the spinal cord)

65
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between two neurones

66
Q

What is neurotransmitter?

A

The chemical that is released at the synapse

66
Q

What is the reflex?

A

An automatic response to a stimulus

66
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

The pathway taken by impulses into a reflex action

66
Q

What are the axon terminals attached to?

A

The muscles

66
Q

How does the reflex arc work?

A

Sensory neuron passes the impulse to the relay neuron at the spinal cord. It then passes the impulse to the motor neuron

66
Q

What is a diploid?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

66
Q

What is a haploid?

A

23 chromosomes (gametes)

67
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Egg and sperm cells

67
Q

What does variation mean?

A

Not the same

67
Q

What does clone mean?

A

Identical

67
Q

How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?

A

One

67
Q

How many parents are involved in sexual reproduction?

A

Two

67
Q

What does sexual reproduction do?

A

The offspring inherits a mixture of features from parents.

67
Q

What does asexual reproduction do?

A

Offspring produced in this way get all their genes

67
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Only one parent needed
All offspring are clones

67
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

All offspring are different

67
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The main part of the brain. The outside part

67
Q

What is the cerebral hemispheres?

A

The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres

67
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

The part of the brain that controls balance and posture. It is a wrinkled ball of tissue bellow and behind the rest of the brain.

68
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

Part of the brain that controls heartrate and breathing. It is a ball between the spinal cord

68
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Concerned with consciousness, intelligence, memory and language.

68
Q

Why is the cerebral cortex wrinkled?

A

It increases the surface area of the grey matter, so more information can be processed.

68
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Makes two identical cells for growth and repair. One cell divides into two identical cells. Happens in body cells. Results in diploid cells

68
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Makes cells for reproduction. One cell divides into four non-identical cells. Happens in reproductive cells. Results in haploid cells

68
Q

What is the definition of mitosis?

A

Is like making copies for growth and repair.

68
Q

What is the definition of meiosis?

A

Is for making special cells

68
Q

What are the 4 similarities of mitosis and meiosis?

A

Cell division
DNA replication
Cytokinesis
Start with diploid cell

69
Q

What does meiosis look like??

A

one cell splits into two. Those two cells then each split to create four cells all together

70
Q

What are the different phases of mitosis??

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

71
Q

What is a gene?

A

Small section of a chromosome, codes for a particular characteristic

72
Q

What is a chromosome??

A

Lots of genetic information

73
Q

What is DNA made up of??

A

Bases

74
Q

What base pairs up with Adenine

A

Thymine

75
Q

What base pairs up with Cytosine??

A

Guanine

76
Q

What base pairs up with Thymine??

A

Adenine

77
Q

What base pairs up with Guanine??

A

Cytosine

78
Q

What holds the bases together??

A

Hydrogen Bonds WEAK

79
Q

What is the name for adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine??

A

anino acids

80
Q

What is the shape of the bonds called??

A

Double helix

81
Q

What is an allele??

A

a variation of a gene

82
Q

What is the maximum number of amino acids coded for by a strand of DNA??

A

4

83
Q

What is the first substance in a DNA nucleotide??

A

phosphate group??

84
Q

What is the second substance in a DNA nucleotide??

A

pentose sugar

85
Q

Why is enzyme protease added to the mixture when extracting DNA from a pea??

A

Breaks down proteins
In the membrane
destroys enzymes that may break down the DNA

86
Q

Why is ice-cold ethanol poured into the filtrate when extracting DNA from peas??

A

DNA is insoluble in ethanol so it allows up to sea the DNA

87
Q

What is the process for extracting DNA??

A
  • crush up/grind/squash cells
  • add detergent / salt solution / protease
  • heat in a water bath / heat to 60 degrees
  • add to ice cold ethanol
  • DNA forms as a precipitate / white strands
88
Q

What is the structure of DNA??

A
  • double helix
  • sides are made from sugars and phosphate
  • bases / A+T, C+G
  • bases held by weak hydrogen bonds
89
Q

What type of atoms are involved in ionic bonding?

A

metal and non-metal

90
Q

What type of atoms are involved in covalent bonding??

A

two non-metals

91
Q

Why is protein synthesis important??

A

it helps function our bodies

92
Q

What are the two important steps in protein synthesis??

A

Transcription and Translation

93
Q

What happens in Transcription?

A

RNA polymerase unzips the double helix. It then reads the bases and adds the complementary bases to the mRNA chain.

94
Q

What letter replaces T in the mRNA chain?

A

U

95
Q

What happens after Transcription but before translation?

A

mRNA slips out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore and heads off to ribosome.

96
Q

What happens in Translation?

A

tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome for the following codons. The polypeptide chain will fold to protein

97
Q

What is a ribosome responsible for?

A

for protein synthesis in cells

98
Q

What is atom on periodic table?

A

Neutral
Same number of Protons and Electrons

99
Q

What is iron?

A

Not neutral
positive/negative
(loss or gained an electron)

100
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

When two non metals share an electron to create both a full outer shell electron.

101
Q

What does delocalised mean?

A

not attached to any specific centre

102
Q

What does free moving mean?

A

not attached to any specific centre

103
Q

What does discrete mean?

A

small and seperate

104
Q

Why are ionic compounds so strong?

A

The positive and negative ions are attracted, so ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces.

105
Q

Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when they are molten and aqueous?

A

Ionic compounds are only conductive if the ions are free to move around.

106
Q

What does molten mean?

A

liquid

107
Q

What does aqueous mean?

A

solution

108
Q

What does a Buckminsterfullerene look like?

A

A football structure made up of atoms.

109
Q

How many carbon atoms are in a buckminsterfullerene?

A

60

110
Q

How does metals conduct heat and electricity?

A

Metals have delocalised electrons that are free to move and can transfer energy or charge much easier. The energy is transferred from the hotter area to a colder area.

111
Q

Why is the structure of a diamond so strong?

A

Many strong covalent bonds.

112
Q

Why can graphite conduct electricity and heat?

A

Graphite has layers of carbon atoms. In the layers, there are free electrons which are able to conduct electricity and heat.

113
Q

Why is graphene so strong?

A

It has strong covalent bonds

114
Q

Where is graphene used?

A

In electronics and composites.

Science YR9 (5 decks)

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