CT Cartilage And Bone

Question 1

Define CT and list the general characteristics.

Answer 1

Connective Tissue is everything except nervous epithelial and muscle. It is found in every system except CNS, and contains very few cells, it is mostly matrix and fibers. The type is distinguished by the matrix type and fibers.

Question 2

Functions of CT.

Answer 2

Support other tissues,bind tissues together, provide framework, house specialized tissues

Question 3

Three major components of CT and nomenclature used to describe cellular components.

Answer 3

1. Cells: blasts- build up, cyte- secrete matrix,clast-bone reabsorption
2. Protein Fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular
3. Amorphous non-cell material- GAGs, Glycoproteins,Chondroitin sulfate (cartilage), and hydroxyapatite(bone)

Question 4

Where is embryonic CT located?

Answer 4

Found in the umbilical cord and pulp of dev. Teeth.

It is referred to as Wharton’s Jelly in the umbilical cord.

Question 5

Compare and describe the four types of adult CT.

Answer 5

AdultCT:

1. Elastic: Bundles of elastic fibers found throughout
2. Reticular: Contains reticular fibers, collagen and elastic, found in kidney spleen and lymph nodes, form fine meshwork.
3. Loose: (Areolar)Type one collagen and elastic fibers, high ratio of fibroblasts to. Fibers, found below epithelium of most organs,contains capillaries.
4. Dense: high ratio of fibrous components to fibroblasts, thicker bundles of collagen than loose ct
   -Regular: highly structured
   collagen bundles
   
   • Irregular: unorganized

Question 6

Describe and compare the two types of adipose.

Answer 6

White: found throughout body, Unilocar

Brown: has smaller lipid droplets. Multilocular, more cytoplasm,abundant mitochondria(brown color0, heat production

Question 7

List and describe the amorphous components of CT and ID the most abundant.

Answer 7

Glycosaminoglycans: negative charged polysaccharides in addition with glycoprotein form grund substance

Question 8

Describe hyaline cartilage structure.

Answer 8

Most common type,a vascular, type II collagen fibers,surrounded by perichondrium, found in cell groups in lacunae.

Located in ears nose, diarthroses, larynx, tracheal and bronchial cartilages, fetal long bones, and articulate surfaces.

Question 9

Describe cartilage in general.

Answer 9

Contain chondroblasts to form cartilage, chondrocytes to maintain the matrix, collagen type II fibers in the extra cellular matrix. Ground sub made of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, heparin sulfate and glycosaamnoglycans.

Question 10

Characteristics of Cartilage?`

Answer 10

Perichondrium composed of an outer fibrous layer
(Fibroblasts), inner chondrogenic layer which Ives rise to chondroblasts that turn into chondrocytes.
A vascular and slow to heal.

Question 11

What are the three types of cartilage and where are they found?

Answer 11

Hyaline: refer to hyaline slide

Elastic: larynx

Fibrocartilage: pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

Question 12

Describe Elastic Cartilage.

Answer 12

Elastic fibers in matrix, surrounded by a perichondrium, yellow bc of elastic fibers, more flexible,opaque and elastic than hyaline, Chondrocytes are singly located,Type II collagen fibers.

Found In
Auricle of ear and epiglottis

Question 13

Describe Fibrocartilage.

Answer 13

Increase in collagen in the matrix, decrease cellularity compared to hyaline, NO perichondrium, Type I collagen,single sparse chondrocytes.
Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, insertion of tendons and ligaments,

Question 14

What are the components of bone matrix?

Answer 14

Organic osteoid and inorganic hydroxyapatite- 35%-65% of matrix

Question 15

What are the three major types of bone tissue?

Answer 15

1. Woven: during bone dev. And repair. Produced rapidly,random collagen foundation, les structural integrity.
2. Spongy (Cancellous): has 3-D lattice of bonyspicules intertwined to form trabeculae, surrounds bone marrow spaces in long and flat bones.
3. Compact (Cortical) (Lamellar): granite did into layers called laminate, flattened and parallel, creat a central canal

Question 16

Detailed histology of compact bone?

Answer 16

 has a fibrous periosteum layer on the outside, osteogenic layer of periosteum on the inside, lacuna with osetocytes inside arranged in lamella,canaliculi are canals that move toward the center canal  delivering nutrients

Question 17

Describe major type of bones.

Answer 17

Compact bone: arranged in osteons
Woven bone: seen in bone reformation, and building. Very random dispersal of fibers, not stable
Spongy: arranged in trabeculae

Question 18

Describe cellular structure of bones.

Answer 18

Osteoblasts: lay down bone matrix
Osteoclasts: bone re absorption cells
Osteocytes: maintain the matrix of bone

Question 19

Describe mechanisms for bone. Development and growth.

Answer 19

A

Question 20

Describe synostosis joint.

Answer 20

Bone on bone

Question 21

Differentiate btw fibrous and cartilaginous joints and give examples.

Answer 21

Fibrous joints are made from elastic or collagen fibers holding bones together such as gomphosis, syndesmosis or suture joints.
Cartilaginous joints are composed of hyaline or fibrocartilage, such as symphysis or synchondrosis joints.

Question 22

Describe uniaxial joints and give examples

Answer 22

can move through one axis/plane. such as elbow or knee, or atlantoaxial (hinge and pivot)

Question 23

describe biaxial give examples.

Answer 23

Condyloid or Saddle joints, move through two axes/planes, such as metacaropophalangeal and atlantoccipital

Question 24

Describe triaxial and examples.

Answer 24

Multiple ranges of motion, can ab/adduct, circumflexion, flexion and extension. Glenohumeral and femoroacetabular

Question 25

List four types of muscle tissue:

Answer 25

Skeletal: characterized by striations and multinucleation attaches to bones
Smooth: no striations seen, singly nucleated spindle shape fibers, involuntary
Cardiac: branching fibers, striations present, singly spaced nuclei, intercalated discs, involuntary
Branchiomeric: transition between smooth and striated muscles innervated by CN