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Medical Imaging > CT > Flashcards

CT Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are disadvantages of conventional radiography?

A

no depth detail
organs/structures superimposed

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2
Q

What is cross sectional imaging?

A

Slices of human body in transverse/axial plane

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3
Q

CAT scans stand for?

A

Computed axial tomography

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4
Q

What are 3 planes of body?

A

Axial
Coronal
Sagittal

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4
Q

What is CT?

A

Using computer technology with x-ray to image body cross-sectionally

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5
Q

What type of image receptor is used in CT?

A

defector

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6
Q

What is the width of the slice determined by?

A

Width of x-ray beam

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7
Q

What is the image represented by?

A

MATRIX of numbers

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8
Q

What does each pixel have?

A

number that represents the x-ray attenuation in corresponding voxel of object
Each pixel has a location

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9
Q

What is a high CT number equal?

A

white areas because of increased attenuation

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10
Q

What does a low CT number equal?

A

Black because of decreased attenuation

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11
Q

What is the Hounsfield scale?

A

water is 0
air is -1,000
bone is 1,000

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12
Q

What does a narrow window allow?

A

Enhancing contrast of tissue
eg soft tissue window, bone window

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13
Q

How does CT work (3 steps)?

A

x-ray tube linked to detector
tube and detector circle patient
takes hundres of x-ray pictures

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14
Q

What are 4 advantages of CT?

A

Visualization of internal organs
avoids superimposition of tissues
high contrast allows differentiation of organs
viewed in multiple planes

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15
Q

what was the intial scanner?

A

Shoot and step (1 slice)
table only moves when source is off

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16
Q

What are spiral scanners?

A

Constant table movement

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17
Q

What is multislice scanners?

A

Multiple detector rings

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18
Q

What is the current rotation spped?

A

4 per second

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19
Q

What are 3 resolutions?

A

Spatial
Contrast
Tempora

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20
Q

What are 3 pieces of equipment in CT?

A

Gantry (doughnut on side)
computer
table

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21
Q

What is the procedure?

A

Patient lies in supine table & arms placed over head (body scans)
table moves in and out of gantry
holds breath at various times
IV contrast injected
oral contrast administered

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22
Q

What is the topogram?

A

Plain 2D image as initial scout view
used to define start & end of main scan
Find any artefacts

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23
Q

What is windowing?

A

changing brightness & contrast image
focuses on different anatomical structures

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24
Q

What does MRS allow for?

A

Selection of optimal plane to image an organ/disease process

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25
Q

What are 2 limits in CT scans?

A

aperture size
patient limits

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26
Q

what is the axial plane?

A

looking from patients feet up
left side of image is patients right side

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27
Q

what does orla constrats media do?

A

delineate small bowel

28
Q

What are 2 types of oral contrast?

A

gastrogafin & barium

29
Q

What does IV contrast allow for?

A

demonstrate blood vessels
improves sensitivity of lesions
small possibility of reactions

30
Q

What are 6 medial applications in CT?

A

Oncology - staging & diagnosis
stroke
trauma - bone damage
guiding biopsy procedures
screening for disease
bone mineral densitometry

31
Q

What are the top 4 cancer types?

A

lung
colorectal
breast
prostrate

32
Q

What are 4 disadvantage of brain imaging?

A

unable to visualize vasculature without contrast media
poor visualization of cerebellum
poor sensitivity acute stroke
no anatomical detail

33
Q

What does CT images show in the brain?

A

Exact, number, location and affect of tumor on adjacent structures

34
Q

What type of strokes do CT distinguish?

A

Hemorrhagic or ischemic

35
Q

What does CT perfusion imaging measure?

A

cerebral blood flow for early stroke detection

36
Q

What 4 things can CT tell us about hemorrhage?

A

identification, location, classification and age of hemorrhage

37
Q

How can CT demonstrate fractures?

A

due to high spatial resolution imaging

38
Q

What 4 things can CT tell us about sinuses?

A

Which sinuses are affected
presence of polyps
anatomical variants
anatomy of OMU prior to FESS Sx

39
Q

What can CT scans visualise in the inner ear?

A

ossicles and semicircular canaks
bone erosions

40
Q

What 4 diseases do CT investigates?

A

hearing loss
tinnitus
pain
swelling

41
Q

What is high resolution CT good for?

A

Chronic interstitial lung processes eg emphysema and fibrosis
airspace diseases

42
Q

What 3 things can CT detect?

A

pulmonary angiography
pE detection
abdominal aortic aneurysm detection

43
Q

What is used to image the hear?

A

Modern multislice CT scanners

44
Q

How is CT used in oncology?

A

Disease detection
staging
monitoring

45
Q

What does CT scans show about tumour follow up?

A

patients response to treatment
disease progress

46
Q

What can CT scans be used for abodomn?

A

acute abdomen
solid organ injury
oncology
appendicitis/renal stones

47
Q

What sex is pelvis CT limited to?

A

Females

48
Q

What can pelvis scans show?

A

Oncology scanning & staging
fracture detection

49
Q

What is a CT colongraphy?

A

Scan if large bowel
air pumped into colon

50
Q

What are 3 examples of CT intervention?

A

Biopsies
Drainage
Tumour ablations

51
Q

What is the CT dose?

A

2-20mSv
1 in 2000 risk of additional cancer incidence

52
Q

What does increasing dose allow for?

A

Better image quality

53
Q

what is the effective dose in chest CT?

A

~8 mSv

54
Q

What is a ceretom scanner?

A

8 slices brain CT in trauma units

55
Q

What are 3 improvements?

A

Dual source CT
perfusion imaging
radiomics

56
Q

How many slice scanners do wide row detectors have?

A

320

57
Q

What resolution is increased in dual source?

A

temporal resolution of 83ms due to covering large area in short amount of time

58
Q

What is seen at 80kV?

A

iodine bone metal

59
Q

What is seen at 140kV?

A

Plastic
uric acid stone
fat

60
Q

What is an application of dual energy CT?

A

Quantification of iodine to visualize perfusion defects in lung
air, tissue, iodine
defects in myocardium

61
Q

What does CT and PET combine?

A

Anatomical and functional imaging
images fused together

62
Q

When is micro CT used?

A

studies which minute detail is desired
nm

63
Q

When are examples of micro CT?

A

Tissue engineering
enamel thickness & tooth measurement

64
Q

What is nano-CT?

A

Pixels of 300nm

65
Q

What is industrial CT used for?

A

QS of materials

66
Q

What aid is used for diagnosis with CT?

A

computer

67
Q

How do you achieve no noise?

A

CNN machinery

68
Q

What is radio genomics?

A

Create imaging biomarkers

Medical Imaging (10 decks)

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