CSI Case 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What viruses can cause the common cold?

A

Rhino virus, corona virus, influenza virus and adeno virus.

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2
Q

What allows influenza to bind to a cell?

A

Haemagglutinin bind to sialic acid.

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3
Q

What allows the influenza virus to leave the cell?

A

Neuraminidase cleaves bond to sialic acid.

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4
Q

What does covid bind to?

A

ACE2 Receptor.

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5
Q

What does covid do that leads to acute lung injury?

A

Downregulated ACE2 which causes angiotensin II to build up.

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6
Q

What is Angiotensin II?

A

Vasoconstricter hormone.

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7
Q

How many polypeptide chains make up haemoglobin?

A

4

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8
Q

What is haemoglobin S?

A

Mutant form of beta chain in haemoglobin A.

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9
Q

What is the difference between haemoglobin S and haemoglobin A?

A

One amino acid. Glutamate to valine at position 6.

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10
Q

Why is sickle cell haemoglobin fibres sticky?

A

Polymerization of haemoglobin s.

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11
Q

What is the hydrophobic pocket?

A

This is where the haemoglobin fibres stick in sickle cell disease. Valine is hydrophobic so fibres stick.

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12
Q

Why does oxy haemoglobin not stick?

A

Oxygen interferes with the polymerisation of haemoglobin s. Hydrophobic knob/groove is exposed more in deoxygenated haemoglobin s.

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13
Q

What makes up haemoglobin A?

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains.

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14
Q

Why do the different types of haemoglobin form different bands?

A

Different mass.

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15
Q

Why is haemoglobin F seen in a sickle cell patient?

A

Haemoglobin F is regulated due to a lack of haemoglobin A.

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16
Q

Why does vaso occlusion happen in sickle cell patients?

A

Sickle cells stick to endothelium of capillaries.

17
Q

Why does hypoxia happen in sickle cell patients?

A

Sickle cells get stuck to endothelium in capillaries and reduce amount of oxygen that tissues get.

18
Q

Why is jaundice caused in sickle cell patients?

A

Red blood cells are dying faster than the liver can filter them out. Bilirubin from broke down cells builds up.

19
Q

Why does exercise leads to crisis in sickle cell patients?

A

More deoxygenated haemoglobin, more polymerisation of haemoglobin s.

20
Q

Why does cold make sickle cell disease worse?

A

Cold can cause vasoconstriction which can increase vaso-oclussion. Reduced oxygen delivery.

21
Q

Why does infection make sickle cell disease worse?

A

Basal metabolic rate increases, more o2 required. More deoxy haemoglobin which leads to greater sickling and vaso oclussion.

22
Q

Why does dehydration make sickle cell disease worse?

A

Red blood cells are likely to aggregate. Blood becomes more thick.

23
Q

How do you manage sickle cell patients in hospitals?

A

Opiods (painkillers). Hydration (IV Fluid). Antibiotics. Blood transfusion. Blood thinners (heparin). Given oxygen. Refer to specialist. Drug called hydroxycarbamide.

24
Q

How does hydroxycarbamide work?

A

Increases concentration of foetal haemoglobin. Reduces polymerisation and sickling of red blood cells.

25
Q

What should you ask a sickle cell patient?

A

Ideas, concerns and expectations.

26
Q

What kind of mutation is sickle cell disease?

A

Autosomal reccesive.

27
Q

Why does adult haemoglobin move further than sickle cell haemoglobin?

A

Adult haemoglobin is more negative as glutamate is negative while valine is neutral.