CSET I Flashcards
(157 cards)
Phonetics
sounds out of mouth (articulatory versus produced)
Actual sounds are different from what we hear in our heads. Aspiration is the puff of air after T, P, or K when they begin a syllable with a vowel right after. In other languages, the aspiration or not has a difference in meaning. But with phonetics, meaning doesn’t matter. It only matters how sounds are produced. “STOP” only has one aspiration after P whereas “TOPS” has an aspiration after both T and P.
Phonology
Phonology- Systems of sound. How the production of sounds make a difference in the language. English has 6 different ways of pronouncing T, aspirated unaspirated. Pot doesn’t have a real T sound, just a cut off. A flap is like in little, we hear it as a t but more like d. Glottal stop like kitten. Hunter has no t at all, just in our brains. All of the above are allophones of the sound t because none of them change meaning.
Phonology is the study of phonemes, which are found by minimal pairs such as pat and bat, since they don’t mean the same thing, the difference is a phoneme in English, meaning p and b are phonemes.The sound in
Thrill and Bill is not a minimal pair because they differ in more than one phone.
Allophones
Aspirated and unaspirated P are not separate phonemes because they don’t make a difference in meaning in English, so they are allophones of the same phoneme, like two ways of “sounding” the same meaning. Like r and l in Japanese. B and v in Spanish?
Spanish Allophones: [d] and [ð]
For example, the Spanish phoneme /d/ is pronounced as a stop [d] at the beginning of the word or after n or l, as in doña (ˈdo.ɲa) or andar (ãn̪.ˈdaɾ).
However, when it appears in other places, like in the word hada (ˈa.ða) where the /d/ is in between vowels, it’s pronounced [ð]—similar to the voiced “th” sound in English words “they” and “gather.”
Many native Spanish speakers are not aware that they pronounce the /d/ phoneme in distinct ways. As a non-native speaker, if you were to pronounce the word candado (kan.dá.ðo) as (kan.dá.do), you would be understood but native listeners would detect a faint accent.
Spanish Allophones: [b] and [β]
The Spanish phoneme /b/ can be pronounced as [b] or [β], depending on its position in the word. Similarly as in the [d] and [ð] case, you pronounce /b/ as [b] if the word that starts with the letter b is spoken in isolation or it is in a group of words but pronounced after a pause, or after a nasal consonant /m, n). However, between two vowels /b/ is always a [β].
bandera [‘ban.de.ra]
ambos [‘am.bos]
envía [‘em.bía]
sabe [‘sa.βe]
lava
Spanish phonemic orthography
In an ideal world, one specific letter would correspond with one specific phoneme, to make language learning more efficient. Luckily, Spanish is quite close to this linguistic utopia, leading scholars to boast about “Spanish phonemic orthography,” which is a fancy way of saying that words are pronounced almost exactly as they’re written. In fact, you rarely need to use a dictionary to check the pronunciation of a written Spanish word after you’ve learned the phonetics.
Spanish has 24 phonemes and US English has 32.
Phonetics and Phonology difference
So phonetics is about the sounds and phonology is which sounds matter for meaning.
Phonetics is across all languages.
Phonology depends on a particular language.
Two TH sounds in English
Thy and thigh have different th sounds “theta” symbol versus “thorn”
sound for measure and rouge
that sound
Velar nasal
sing and think, the ng with no g.
Place of articulation labials
m, p, b
Place of articulation: Labio dentals
f and v
place of articulation interdentals with tongue
th
Place of articulation: Aveolars
Aveolar ridge: t, d, s, z, n, l, r
Place of articulation: post aveolars
further back in mouth: sh, ch, rouge
place of articulation: palatal glide
y in love ya, starts in front and glides back on palate
place of articulation: velar
near velum (back of mouth): k, g, w, sing,
Place of articulation: glottals
made with glottus: h
Manner of articulation: stops
complete obstruction (can’t be elongated): p, b, t, d, k, g
Manner of articulation: Fricatives
(can elongate): f, v, s, g, h
Manner of articulation: Affricates
Combination of stop and fricatives like ch.
Manner of articulation: Nasals
with nose: m, n, ng
Voiced or voiceless
Like z and s, vocal folds are vibrating or not
Number English vowels
19.English has a lot more (19) vowels in phonology (sounds with meaning) than Spanish (only 5, all long or tense)