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CSE3 > CSE3: MT1 > Flashcards

CSE3: MT1 Flashcards

1
Q

19th century mathematics professor at Cambridge (1791-1871)

A

Charles Babbage

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2
Q

Required 25,000 parts, weighed 15 tons and was never finished (1821)

A

Difference Engine

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3
Q

The mother of all computers, conceived by Charles Babbage. Also never finished. Could (theoretically) be programmed with punched cards. Could carry out any calculation to 20 digits of accuracy (1843)

A

The Analytical Engine

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4
Q

Who was the first computer programmer who was an interpreter and promoter of Babbage’s visionary work, as well as wrote a plan for using the analytical engine to calculate bernoulli sequences?

A

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace

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5
Q

In 1943 who was the mathematician who led a team to complete Colossus, the first electronic digital computer?

A

Alan Turing

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6
Q

Who broker the German military’s chief cipher machine, Enigma?

A

Alan Turing

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7
Q

Define Turing test

A

it is a basic test for artificial intelligence

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8
Q

Which 2 people helped the U.S. in WWII by constructing a machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns, a.k.a ENIAC

A

John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert

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9
Q

What does ENIAC stand for

A

Electronic Numerical Integrator and computer

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10
Q

What was the name of the private company Mauchly and Eckert made and what did they create?

A

Their company name was Sperry and they created the UNIVAC I, the first general purpose commercial computer

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11
Q

Who invented the compiler?

A

Admiral Grace Hopper

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12
Q

Who created one of the first programming languages and what was the name of it?

A

Admiral Grace Hopper she invented the programming language COBOL

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13
Q

Who coined the term debug and what event happened that gave the term its name?

A

Admiral Grace Hopper coined the term debug and thought of the term because an actual moth got stuck in the Harvard Mark II computer.

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14
Q

______ were used in early computers and ______ replaced _____ starting in 1956.

A

Vacuum tubes, transistors, vacuum tubes

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15
Q

what are vacuum tubes

A

A vacuum tube, electron tube, valve, or tube, is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.

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16
Q

what are transistors

A

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit.

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17
Q

What were transistors replaced by in the 1960s?

A

integrated circuits

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18
Q

what are integrated circuits

A

An integrated circuit, also known as a microchip or IC, is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. These components are etched onto a small piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon.

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19
Q

what are integrated circuits commonly known as

A

silicon chips

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20
Q

What are some key factors about laptops?

A

-some components are left off to help keep size and weight down
-relatively fragile
-expensive to upgrade or repair

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21
Q

what is proprietary hardware

A

Proprietary hardware is computer hardware whose interface is controlled by the proprietor, often under patent or trade-secret protection.

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22
Q

What are some examples of operating systems that a personal computer can run simultaneously?

A

-VMWare Fusion
-Parallels
-VirtualBox

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23
Q

Large servers can virtualize how many machines?

A

thousands

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24
Q

special purpose embedded computers can perform what tasks in everyday life?

A

examples could be:
-controlling the temperature and humidity
-monitoring your heart rate
-monitoring your house security system

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25
Q

define freeware

A

free software no strings attached, often unsophisticated but sometimes what you need

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26
Q

define open source

A

not just free software, free source code, free download, free to modify, free to improve

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27
Q

what is the key difference between freeware and open source

A

open source you are also given free source code

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28
Q

project gutenberg - www.gutenberg.org has what on the website?

A

*repository of 60,000+ free texts
-public domain
-out of copyright
mostly an english language phenomenon
-many translated works
-but the translation has to be in public domain
-can be downloaded directly to most computers and mobile devices

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29
Q

how many bits are in a byte?

A

8 bits

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30
Q

how many bytes in a kilobyte?

A

1000 bytes

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31
Q

how many bytes in a megabyte?

A

1 million bytes

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32
Q

how many bytes in a gigabyte?

A

1 billion bytes

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33
Q

how many bytes in a terabyte?

A

1 trillion bytes

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34
Q

how many bytes in a petabyte?

A

1 quadrillion bytes

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35
Q

What does MHz stand for

A

megahertz

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36
Q

what does GHz stand for

A

gigahertz

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37
Q

what is speed often expressed in ?

A

megahertz and gigahertz

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38
Q

how many GHz are typical desktop PC processors per core?

A

1.5-3.0 GHz per core

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39
Q

modern desktops typically have ___ -core or ____-core processors.

A

dual, quad

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40
Q

GHz is analogous to what

A

clock ticks

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41
Q

1 GHz is capable of handling how many machine cycles per second

A

1 billion

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42
Q

which company (also known as the largest CPU manufacturer) uses GHz rating

A

Intel

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43
Q

which company (the primary non-intel CPU manufacturer) didn’t use GHz rating for years but now uses GHz rating.

A

AMD

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44
Q

how much was a gigabyte of storage in 1984?

A

$500,000

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45
Q

how much was a gigabyte of storage in 1989?

A

$80,000

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46
Q

How much was a gigabyte of storage in 1994?

A

$3000

47
Q

How much was a gigabyte of storage in 2023?

A

1 cent

48
Q

The number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit doubles every two years

A

Gordon Moore’s real version, Moore’s Law

49
Q

Popular variants of Moore’s Law

A

-transistors will double every 18 months
-processing speed and storage capacity will double every 18 months

50
Q

what was the frequently ignored addendum by Gordon Moore

A

the exponential growth can’t continue forever. Miniaturization will eventually approach atomic sizes.

51
Q

Is Moore’s law a true physical law or a description of a modern trend?

A

description of a modern trend

52
Q

what does RAM stand for

A

random access memory

53
Q

what is used to store program instructions and data temporarily?

A

RAM (random access memory)

54
Q

true or false: RAM will not remain if power goes off (volatile)

A

true

55
Q

____ can quickly retrieve information and unique addresses and data can be store in any location.

A

RAM (random access memory)

56
Q

what is a small block of very fast memory that is typically 512 Kb to 2 Mb?

A

A cache

57
Q

true or false: a cache can speed up data transfer and holds instructions and data used a long time ago

A

false, a cache holds instructions and data used MOST FREQUENTLY OR MOST RECENTLY

58
Q

In the context cache: processor requests data or instructions, the first request goes to _____ (main memory). The following requests - looks to _____ first, transfer speeds from ____ are much higher

A

RAM, cache, cache

59
Q

How many symbols can be used to represent all numbers or calculations?

A

two

60
Q

what number does 00010011 represent?

A

first 1 = 1 then 2nd 1 = 2, the next 0 = 4 and the other 0 = 8 and the 1 = 16 (reading from right to left) and then ignore the other 0s in front and add the numbers that are only in the 1 position = 16 + 2 + 1 = 19, answer = 19

61
Q

what is the most widely used code?

A

ASCII

62
Q

what does ASCII stand for

A

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

63
Q

what is the name of the coding scheme supporting 65,000 unique characters?

A

Unicode

64
Q

what does ALU stand for?

A

arithmetic/logic unit

65
Q

electronic circuitry executes arithmetic and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division

A

ALU (arithmetic/logic unit)

66
Q

What was developed in 1936 to improve efficiency where the users hands don’t need to move as much on the keyboard?

A

Dvorak keyboard

67
Q

type of screen that the edges emit horizontal and vertical light beams

A

resistive screens

68
Q

type of screen that creates an electromagnetic field, blocked by the electromagnetic field of your skin. Allows for multi touch input.

A

capacitive screens

69
Q

the input and output are from the same device, good for systems where the keyboard would be cumbersome, and now it is common on smartphones, tablets, and some laptops

A

touch screen

70
Q

detects vertical or lateral motion, converts to a digital signal

A

accelerometer
-smartphones
-nintendo wii-mote
-monome

71
Q

what does UPC stand for

A

universal product code

72
Q

pattern of vertical marks

A

bar codes, UPC

73
Q

the bar code reader reads the code in what direction

A

horizontally

74
Q

code stored horizontally and vertically, can store ~4000 alphanumeric characters, typically used for web addresses

A

QR codes and readers

75
Q

what does OMR stand for

A

optical mark recognition

76
Q

this machine sense marks on paper, fill-in sheets, pink scantron

A

OMR (optical mark recognition)

77
Q

what does OCR stand for

A

optical character recognition

78
Q

recognizes individual letters if text otherwise just copying dots

A

OCR

79
Q

what is the main difference between OMR and OCR?

A

OCR can sense marks on papers AND individual letters

80
Q

what kind of font is readable by humans and machines, typeface developed by American National Standards Institute.

A

MICR fonts

81
Q

what does RFID stand for

A

radio frequency identification

82
Q

what is commonly used in employee/student ID badges, theft prevention systems, etc…

A

RFID (radio frequency identification)

83
Q

what was briefly used un credit cards and is now rare because there is a potential for misuse, invasion of privacy issues.

A

RFID (radio frequency identification)

84
Q

which word system is used where the user must pause in between words and is less computationally expensive?

A

discrete word systems

85
Q

which word system is used where the system is able to interpret sustained speech, ex: siri and alexa

A

continuous word systems

86
Q

what is the best available commercial software for continuous word systems currently?

A

dragon naturally speaking

87
Q

what kind of voice output converts data to vocalized sounds understandable by humans?

A

speech synthesis

88
Q

what kind of voice output uses actual human words, recorded individually. sounds somewhat natural, limited vocab

A

synthesis by analysis

89
Q

what is a major con of the voice output type synthesis by analysis

A

there is limited vocab

90
Q

what kind of voice output uses linguistic rules to generate artificial speech, generates each word by rules of pronunciation, can synthesize extensive vocab

A

synthesis by rule

91
Q

a type of non-impact printer where a laser beam reflected off a rotating drum to create patters of electrical charges. these electrical charges attract toner, a fine colored powder, which is then heated to fuse the paper.

A

laser printers

92
Q

what is a pro and a con for laser printers

A

they are faster than inkjet printers but they are more expensive, they also are higher resolution

93
Q

a type of non-impact printer that sprays ink onto paper to produce printed text and graphic images.

A

inkjet printers

94
Q

what is a pro of inkjet printers

A

higher quality color for less money in comparison to inkjet and more accurate color

95
Q

type of disk that is inexpensive, portable storage but hold too little data for modern purposes

A

floppy disks

96
Q

type of disk that is non-removable, rigid disks that spin continuously and rapidly

A

hard disks

97
Q

which article and section in the U.S. constitution states: “ to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors and exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries”

A

Article I, section 8

98
Q

People have copyrights for how long (specifically ideas and creative works)

A

for 70 years + life of author or up to 120 years for works of corporate authorship

99
Q

how long do patents last for inventions

A

typically 20 years from application date

100
Q

Landmark 1984 copyright case, the motion picture industry tried to prevent the sale of video recording technology for home use.

A

Sony vs. Universal Studios

101
Q

what were the arguments presented in the Sony vs. Universal?

A

-home recording of televised movies would hurt box office returns and ad revenue from future broadcasts
-claimed sony should be liable for potential misuse by its products’ owners

102
Q

How much did Jammie Thomas sue for in the 2007 case Capital Records et al v. Jammie Thomas

A

$222,000

103
Q

why did Jammie Thomas sue Capital records?

A

Jammie Thomas sued for $222,000 for making 24 songs available for download on Kazaa.

104
Q

In the Jammie Thomas case what did the plaintiff fail to prove?

A

the plaintiff was unable to prove that anyone had downloaded the songs, only that they were made available

105
Q

what happened during the retrial in the Jammie Thomas case?

A

the trial judge vacated the award and ordered a retrial, under doubt that simply making copyrighted material “available” is sufficient to prove infringement.

106
Q

what do the DMCA safe harbor provisions allow?

A

allow for free speech and free exchange of information over the internet. while still providing copyright holders a method to remove infringing content.

107
Q

Sites that host or enable user-shared content are not immediately liable for infringing material. copyright holders can contact sites and file takedown notices. What happens if the hosts don’t remove the infringing content?

A

they can be held liable

108
Q

Who helped develop RSS, reddit, and creative commons?

A

Aaron Swartz

109
Q

what does RSS stand for?

A

really simple syndication

110
Q

who founded demand progress that was instrumental in halting SOPA?

A

Aaron Swartz

111
Q

What legal troubles did Aaron Swartz get into?

A

Pacer in 2008
-public access to court electron records
-by charging 8 cents a page for accessing public records, court system made roughly $100 million a year
JSTOR in 2010
-faced 50+ years in federal prison for wire fraud and violations of computer fraud and abuse act
-committed suicide, January 2013, 2 days after a rejected settlement offer.

112
Q

what 2 exceptions are made for duplicating copyrighted content, fair use?
(although exceptions are not absolute)

A

-for criticism or commentary (includes parody, even for commercial gain)
-for teaching, scholarship, or research

113
Q

Gray areas: Abandonware, what is some criteria or reasons for abandonware?

A

-the product has been off the shelves for years
-the company that made it has gone out of business
-the computer system it runs on has been obsolete since 1991

114
Q

What is a con of abandonware?

A

it can discourage nostalgia releases of old software (mostly games)

CSE3 (2 decks)

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