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CSE3 > CSE3 FINAL > Flashcards

CSE3 FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Who was known as an interpreter and promoter of Babbage’s visionary work, wrote a plan using the analytical machine to calculate Bernoulli sequences, AND was the first computer programmer.

A

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace

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2
Q

In 1943, who led a team to complete the Colossus? (considered to be the first electronic digital computer)

A

Alan Turing

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3
Q

Who was the key to breaking Enigma - the German military’s chief cipher machine?

A

Alan Turing

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4
Q

Define the Turing Test

A

A basic test for artificial intelligence

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5
Q

Who invented the compiler in 1952?

A

Admiral Grace Hopper

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6
Q

Who created one of the first programming languages?

A

Admiral Grace Hopper

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7
Q

What was one of the first programming languages?

A

COBOL

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8
Q

Who coined the term “debug”

A

Admiral Grace Hopper

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9
Q

What did the term “debug” refer to, what did it come from?

A

Referred to an actual moth stuck in the Harvard II computer.

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10
Q

What kind of device was used in early computers?

A

Vacuum tubes

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11
Q

What device replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956?

A

Transistors

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12
Q

By the mid-1960s transistors were replaced by what?

A

integrated circuits

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13
Q

What are integrated circuits commonly known as?

A

silicon chips

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14
Q

A byte is how many bits?

A

8

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15
Q

A kilobyte is how many bytes?

A

1 thousand

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16
Q

A megabyte is how many bytes?

A

1 million

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17
Q

A gigabyte is how many bytes?

A

1 billion

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18
Q

A terabyte is how many bytes?

A

1 trillion

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19
Q

A petabyte is how many bytes?

A

1 quadrillion

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20
Q

What is speed often expressed in?

A

megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)

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21
Q

Typical Desktop PC processors have how many GHz per core?

A

1.5 - 3.0 GHz

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22
Q

Modern desktops typically have what kind of processors (2)?

A

Dual-core or quad-core

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23
Q

GHz is analogous to what?

A

clock ticks

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24
Q

1 GHz is capable of handing how many machine cycles per second?

A

1 billion

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25
Q

What company that is the largest CPU manufacturer, uses GHz rating?

A

Intel

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26
Q

What does CPU stand for?

A

central processing unit

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27
Q

What company that is the primary non-intel CPU manufacturer, used a different rating system for years, but now uses GHz as well?

A

AMD

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28
Q

Define Gordon Moore’s real version law

A

the number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit doubles every 2 years.

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29
Q

What are popular variants of Moore’s law? (2)

A

-transistors will double every 18 months
-processing speed and storage capacity will double every 18 months

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30
Q

What was the frequently ignored addendum by Gordon Moore with Moore’s law?

A

the exponential growth can’t continue forever. miniaturization will eventually approach atomic sizes.

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31
Q

What law is a description of a modern trend, not a true physical law?

A

Moore’s law

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32
Q

What number does 00010011 represent?

A

first 1 = 1 then 2nd 1 = 2, the next 0 = 4 and the other 0 = 8 and the 1 = 16 (reading from right to left) and then ignore the other 0s in front and add the numbers that are only in the 1 position = 16 + 2 + 1 = 19, answer = 19

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33
Q

How many symbols can be used for all numbers to be represented or calculated in the binary number system?

A

2 symbols (1 and 0)

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34
Q

What device can translate the touch on a numeric keypad into a series of 0s and 1s?

A

A calculator

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35
Q

For the binary number system, the positional values for the numbers are each at a power of what?

A

Positional values are each at a power of 2

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36
Q

What was input device was developed in 1936 to improve efficiency for keyboard usage and didn’t require as much hand movement?

A

The Dvorak Keyboard

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37
Q

Define resistive screens

A

the edges omit horizontal and vertical light beams

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38
Q

Define capacitive screens

A

creates a electromagnetic field, blocked by the electromagnetic field of your skin

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39
Q

What kind of touch screen allows for multi-touch input?

A

capacitive screens

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40
Q

This device allows for the input and output to be from the same device, is a good system where a keyboard would be cumbersome, and is now common on smartphones, tablets, and some laptops.

A

Touch screens

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41
Q

What does UPC stand for

A

universal product code

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42
Q

What kind of code is a pattern of vertical marks?

A

Universal product code (UPC)

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43
Q

Bar code readers read code in what direction?

A

horizontally

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44
Q

This kind of code can be stored horizontally and vertically, can store ~4000 alphanumeric characters, and is typically used for web addresses.

A

QR codes and readers

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45
Q

What does OMR stand for?

A

optical mark recognition

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46
Q

What does OCR stand for?

A

optical character recognition

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47
Q

What does MICR stand for?

A

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

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48
Q

What kind of optical recognition machine senses marks on paper, fill-in sheets, and pink scantron marks?

A

OMR, optical mark recognition

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49
Q

What kind of optical recognition recognizes individual letters of text or otherwise just copying dots?

A

OCR, optical character recognition

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50
Q

What kind of font is readable by humans and machines and the typeface was developed by American National Standards Institute?

A

MICR, Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

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51
Q

What kind of printer is a laser beam reflected off a rotating drum to create patterns of electrical charges?

A

Laser printers

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52
Q

What do the electrical charges from laser printers attract?

A

toner, a fine colored powder, which is then heated to fuse to the paper

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53
Q

What are 3 ways that the laser printers differs from inkjet printers?

A

-they are faster
-more expensive
-have high resolution print output

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54
Q

what kind of printer sprays ink onto paper to produce printed text and graphic images?

A

inkjet printer

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55
Q

What is 1 way that the inkjet printers differ from laser printers?

A

-higher quality color for less $, liquid ink creates more vivid and accurate color than combinations of different colored toner

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56
Q

What kind of disk provides inexpensive, portable storage?

A

floopy disk

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57
Q

why are floppy disks not used for modern purposes?

A

holds too little data

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58
Q

what kind of disk is non-removable, rigid disks that spin continuously and rapidly?

A

hard disks

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59
Q

The US Constitution, Article I, Section 8, gives Congress the power to enact statues that…

A

Promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing the limited rights to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries

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60
Q

How many years does the author have for copyright?

A

70 years + life of author or up to 120 years for works of corporate authorship

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61
Q

How many years was copyright before the Bono Act of 1998?

A

50 years + life of author

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62
Q

Copyright covers what?

A

ideas and creative works

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63
Q

Patents cover what?

A

inventions

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64
Q

How many years do patents last?

A

typically 20 years from application date

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65
Q

Allows for free speech and free exchange of information over the internet, while still providing copyright holders a method to remove infringing content.

A

DMCA Safe Harbor provisions

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66
Q

What does DMCA stand for?

A

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

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67
Q

Under the Fair Use act exceptions are made for duplicating copyrighted content, what are the 2 exceptions?

A

-for criticism or commentary (includes parody, even for commercial gain)
-for teaching, scholarship, or research

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68
Q

What is Linus Torvalds best known for?

A

As the creator of Linux

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69
Q

What is Linux?

A

The Linux kernel is an open source operating system core

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70
Q

Who created Git?

A

Linus Torvalds

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71
Q

Define what Git is.

A

-used to track changes in programming files modified by multiple authors

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72
Q

What is the large repository of open source software

A

Github

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73
Q

Name 3 specific Linux Distributions

A

-Ubuntu
-CentOs
-Fedora

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74
Q

Which Linux distribution is the easiest starting point?

A

Ubuntu

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75
Q

Define Natural Languages

A

resemble languages spoken by humans

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76
Q

Define Programming languages

A

falls between machine language and natural human languages

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77
Q

What device translates programming language into machine language?

A

Compilers

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78
Q

What are some examples of compilers?

A

-C++
-Javascript
-Perl
-PHP

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79
Q

Define machine language

A

numeric codes that represent data

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80
Q

What are trials by internal users that have very select groups?

A

alpha testing

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81
Q

what are trials by external users that are usually by volunteers?

A

beta testing

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82
Q

Newer releases of software usually have what?

A

-additional features (major updates often come with problems of their own)
-fixes of previous bugs

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83
Q

What are minor fixes called for software that are usually available for free?

A

patches

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84
Q

What is the “software insiders’ advice” in lecture?

A

never buy version 1.0 of anything

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85
Q

What kind of program can “pretend” to be another operating system or hardware device and can run programs written for that system?

A

Emulator program

86
Q

What are 2 cons of emulator programs?

A

-not all applications work perfectly
-can cause a drop in system performance, especially with resource/graphics intensive applications

87
Q

What kind of systems are easier to emulate for emulator programs?

A

older systems

88
Q

Commercial software is copyrighted so it can’t be legally duplicated for distribution to others, so authors can do what?

A

Licensing

89
Q

a document that provides legally binding guidelines for the use and distribution of software.

A

Software licensing

90
Q

the practice of using one license to authorize software on a large number of computers and/or for a large number of users.

A

Volume licensing

91
Q

Software is distributed via (3)

A

-direct sale
-retail stores
-web sites

92
Q

What does EULA stand for

A

End-User License Agreement

93
Q

Define EULA – End-User License Agreement

A

grants a person or organization the right to use a software application.

94
Q

What are small programs that enable input/output (I/O) devices - keyboard, mouse, printer, and others - to communicate with the computer

A

device drivers

95
Q

what kind of device is included with the operating system or bundled with peripherals, examples include mice and keyboard

A

device drivers

96
Q

what are the most troublesome device drivers

A

video drivers, printer drivers

97
Q

New PCs include hardware compatible with the newest windows, not what version of windows

A

older

98
Q

Automated backup systems can do what?

A

-back up every night before you sleep
-can remind you to back up every 2 weeks

99
Q

1 backup is not enough for what kind of data

A

irreplaceable data

100
Q

what is smart to do with crucial data

A

-back up crucial data in multiple locations

101
Q

What services are very secure for data backups?

A

dropbox or google drive

102
Q

Every year of its life, a hard drive has a rough (what percent) chance of sudden death

A

12%

103
Q

what kind of data is replaceable?

A

movies, music, books

104
Q

what kind of data is irreplaceable?

A

personal photos, videos, writings

105
Q

What kind of hard drive is less mechanically reliable than internal hard drives?

A

external hard drives

106
Q

Laptop hard drives are more subject to …..

A

-coffee spills
-theft
-gravity

107
Q

define database program

A

a software tool for organizing the storage and retrieval of information

108
Q

define database

A

a collection of information stored in an organized form in a computer

109
Q

A database is typically composed of 1 or more ____ or _____ or _____

A

-tables
-related information
-records

110
Q

What is the information relating to one person, product, or event

A

a record

111
Q

Each discrete piece of information in a record is a _____

A

field

112
Q

the type of information a field can hold is determined by its ____

A

-field type or sometimes called data type or field data type
-data type = text or numeric, ex: data, GPA, account balance, name, major, etc

113
Q

What are 2 ways to view data in database programs

A

-form views
-list views

114
Q

What kind of way to view data is only one record at a time

A

form views

115
Q

what kind of way to view data is displayed with several records in lists similar to the way a spreadsheet displays data

A

list views

116
Q

What does SQL stand for

A

structured query language

117
Q
A
118
Q

define what SQL is (structured query language)

A

-domain-specific language used to manage data, especially in a relational database management system
-most modern database management programs support a standard language for programming complex queries called SQL

119
Q

What are pros and cons of SQL

A

-available for many database management systems
-programmers/sophisticated users don’t need to learn new languages when they work in new systems
-graphical user interfaces allow point-click queries
CON
-insulates users from the complexities of the query language

120
Q

What is a special purpose database program that is pre-programmed for specific data storage and retrieval purposes?

A

specialized database software

121
Q

what is a special-purpose database program that includes geographic and demographic data in map form?

A

geographical information systems (GIS)

122
Q

what does GIS stand for

A

geographical information systems

123
Q

What are 3 reasons why somebody would use data compression?

A

-faster transmission over a network
-removes redundant information (repeated text, sounds, images)
-removes unnecessary information
(sounds beyond the human hearing range, images too detailed to see at a given resolution)

124
Q

Define lossy compression

A

some information is lost permanently

125
Q

define lossless compression

A

all information can be restored on decompression

126
Q

what is the difference between vector vs bitmapped graphics?

A

while bitmap images are made up of pixels, vector files are made up of lines described by equations. This means that as you zoom in on a bitmap image it will become “grainy” while a vector file will stay smooth and sharp.

127
Q

what kind of graphic file format has max 255 colors per frame, supports animation and lossless compression

A

GIF

128
Q

what kind of graphic file format offers full range of colors and lossy compression

A

JPG OR JPEG

129
Q

what kind of graphic file format has lossless compression, full color range, very crisp and clear, but file sizes are too large they’re better for infographics and banners than high resolution photos

A

PNG

130
Q

what kind of graphic file format is newer, google-created image format that compresses existing JPGs and PNGs to smaller file sizes. Doesn’t work on every browser or viewing software

A

WebP

131
Q

What kind of graphic file formats has lossy compression, very small file sizes with good image quality and is not yet compatible with web browsers

A

HEIF

132
Q

What does HEIF stand for?

A

high efficiency file format

133
Q

what kind of graph file format has vector file format, scales perfectly when magnified, full color, lossless compression and large file sizes

A

PDF

134
Q

What are digital audio formats that are standard formats for uncompressed audio for Windows and the Mac OS, respectively. Both formats are supported on Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. Both create large files. Both are lossless – a CD track encoded with ___ or ____ sounds identical to the original.

A

WAV, AIFF

135
Q

Describe the digital audio format MP3

A

A popular format for transmitting audio on the Internet.

A CD track converted to MP3 format can be 1/10 the size of the original – or smaller – but still sound very
similar

136
Q

Describe the digital audio format WMA

A

An alternative to MP3 developed by Microsoft for Windows.

WMA compression can result in smaller files of higher fidelity. WMA files may be protected by DRM.

137
Q

What is a digital audio format that is Apple’s alternative to MP3 and WMA is used primarily by iTunes and iTunes Music Store. ____ compression is sonically superior to MP3 compression. ______
files may be protected by DRM

A

AAC

138
Q

Similar to WMA and AAC in sound quality and compression, ____ is open source and freely available – not controlled by any company.

A

OGG

139
Q

Open Source format, compresses audio files by
about 40-50%, losing no information along the way. The broadcast format of
choice for many audiophiles and the European Broadcasting Union.

A

FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)

140
Q

What is a computer network

A

system of two or more computers linked together

141
Q

How is networking important

A

people can,
1) Share hardware, reducing costs
2) Share data and programs, increasing efficiency
3) Work together in ways that were previously impossible

142
Q

Commonly happens between LANs and WANs

A

Communication

143
Q

the quantity of information that can pass through
a communications medium in a given amount of time

A

Bandwidth

144
Q

hardware devices or software programs that route
messages as they travel between networks

A

Routers

145
Q

an alternative to traditional networks, creates
individual nodes for communication

A

Mesh Networks, used for small, temporary communication systems

146
Q

generally defined as a “fast” connection

A

Broadband connection

147
Q

Common forms of broadband connections are

A

cable, DSL, satellite

148
Q

Provides fast network connections through cable television networks

A

Cable Modems

149
Q

Uses standard phone lines, provided by phone companies

A

DSL

150
Q

can connect computers to networks using
radio waves rather than wires

A

High speed wireless

151
Q

can deliver fast computer network connections as well as
television programs

A

Satellite dishes

152
Q

In 2015, the FCC redefined “broadband” to describe only connections of ___ mbps down/___ mbps up.

A

25, 3

153
Q

How was the 2015 FCC broadband redefinition received

A

strenuously objected to by congress and is below Zoom’s recommendation for use

154
Q

Replacing copper cables, has more bandwidth than DSL and cable modems

A

Fiber optic connections

155
Q

Can rapidly and reliably transmit mass multimedia while handling voice messages

A

Fiber optic connections

156
Q

available on most web browsers, disables your browser
history to keep it private from others with access to that computer

A

Private browsing

157
Q

does NOT delete any records kept by other networks you are connected to

A

Private browsing

158
Q

much more private browsing, connects to an anonymizing
network that doesn’t reveal your true IP address to any site you connect to

A

TOR browser

159
Q

Can be slow, is not completely invulnerable to dedicated investigation

A

TOR browser

160
Q

if a legal offense is tied to a particular ___ address, additional verification is necessary to prove what person committed that offense

A

IP

161
Q

What are some benefits of the browser Duck Duck Go

A

1) Privatizing search engine
2) Does not track your activity
3) Does not personalize your results

162
Q

What does VPN stand for

A

Virtual Private Network

163
Q

What is a disadvantage of free VPN services

A

The company will log and sell your browsing data

164
Q

What are recommended VPN providers

A

1) IPVanish
2) ExpressVPN
3) NordVPN

165
Q

Predecessor to the internet

A

ARPANET

166
Q

What does ARPANET stand for

A

Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork

167
Q

When was ARPANET launched

A

1969

168
Q

Who created ARPANET

A

Department of Defense

169
Q

When did other networks take copy ARPANETS peer-to-peer networking philosophy and protocols

A

1980’s

170
Q

When was ARPANET disbanded

A

1990

171
Q

breaks messages into packets

A

TCP

172
Q

has all the information needed to travel from network to network

A

packet

173
Q

Host system that determines how to route transmissions

A

router(s)

174
Q

Address for the packets

A

IP

175
Q

Every computer has an unique ___

A

IP address

176
Q

IP address is comprised of four sets of numbers between ___ and ___. Each set of numbers is separated by a ______

A

0, 255, period

177
Q

We are gradually moving from IPV_ to IPV_

A

4,6

178
Q

How many addresses can you have in IPV4

A

2^32

179
Q

How many addresses can you have in IPV6

A

2^128

180
Q

Common types of internet fraud

A

Spoofing, Identity Theft, Phishing

181
Q

presenting a false identity to trick others into divulging
passwords and other private information

A

Spoofing

182
Q

the use of computers and other tools to steal whole identities

A

Identity Theft

183
Q

users “fish” for sensitive information under false pretenses

A

Phishing

184
Q

Is a form of social engineering

A

Phishing

185
Q

How can you avoid fraud committed over ebay or craiglist

A

do not use unusual payment methods and check seller reviews

186
Q

malicious software, or any type of intentionally
invasive, unwanted software.

A

Malware

187
Q

Types of Malware are ______, ________, and _______

A

Trojan horse, Virus, Worm

188
Q

performs a useful task while also running undesired or
actively harmful routines

A

Trojan Horse

189
Q

What are examples of a Trojan Horse

A

1) A bittorrent client that uses your processor to mine cryptocurrency.
2) An “anti-virus” program that installs ransomware.

190
Q

spreads by making copies of itself from program to program

A

Virus

191
Q

What can viruses do?

A

corrupt data, damage systems, spread malware/spyware - or often do nothing at all, created only as an intellectual challenge.

192
Q

program that travels independently over computer networks, seeking uninfected sites

A

Worm

193
Q

What are the four ways you may be granted access to a computer

A

Identity token, Passcode ID, Signature ID, Biometric ID

194
Q

A key, an ID card with a photo, or a smart card containing digitally encoded identification in a built-in memory chip

A

Identity token

195
Q

A password, an ID number, a lock combination, or a piece of personal history, such as your mother’s maiden name

A

Passcode ID

196
Q

Your signature or your typing speed and error patterns

A

Signature ID

197
Q

voice print, fingerprint, retinal scan, facial feature scan, or other
measurement of individual body characteristics;

A

Biometric ID

198
Q

What is Multi-Factor Authentication

A

The use of two or more of the four ways you may be granted access to a computer

199
Q

the most common tool for restricting access to a computer system

A

Passwords

200
Q

Effective passwords are:

A

1) Not real words
2) Not names
3) Changed frequently
4) Kept secret
5) Combines letters and numbers
6) Not shared across accounts

201
Q

Using a real word or name in a password leaves you susceptible to what kind of attack

A

Dictionary attack

202
Q

What does a dictionary attack do

A

tries every word in the dictionary as your password

203
Q

Can be both hardware or software, logging all strokes made on a keyboard

A

Key Loggers

204
Q

Scrambles a sent message using a key, different key is needed to unscramble the received message

A

Encryption software

205
Q

Why is encryption software used

A

to make messages secure from outsiders

206
Q

can protect computers from data loss during power failures

A

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

207
Q

A common type of UPS

A

A laptop’s battery

208
Q

shields electronic equipment from power
spikes

A

Surge protectors

209
Q

Device backups should be done

A

Regularly

210
Q

What is best practice for backing up your device

A

Setting up automated backups

CSE3 (2 decks)

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