CSD Final Flashcards
What do the letters ASHA stand for?
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
Explain what infants’ brains are specifically able to do during the critical period with respect to speech and language development.
Infants’ brains are best able to absorb speech and language functions during the relevant critical period.
Which are the two rewards one can consider in choosing one’s profession? (b) Which one of the two rewards do you believe is more important? Explain why?
The rewards are personal and financial. Individual preferences in emphasizing one over the other or the two equally may vary.
If a high school senior asks you where they could find information on professions in communication sciences and disorders, where would you suggest they look on the Internet?
They could find information on the NSSHA.org website.
What do the letters CCC stand for?
Certificate of Clinical Competence
What is the difference between a language disorder and a speech disorder?
Language disorders affect how you perceive language being spoken to you and speech disorders affect how you create the sounds used to communicate.
Which are the two professions in the discipline of Communication Sciences and Disorders?
The professions in CSD are that of a speech-language pathologist and an audiologist.
(a) Define the terms incidence and prevalence with respect to the occurrence of a disorder. (b) Further, explain which of these two provides information about the present spread of a disorder and which provides information about the overall spread of a disorder.
Incidence is the number of new cases of a disorder in a given period and prevalence is the number of total cases of a disorder in a given period. Incidence informs us about the current spread of a disorder and prevalence about the overall spread of a disorder.
What do the letters SLP stand for?
Speech Language Pathology
(a) State and (b) explain the three characteristics of stuttering.
The three characteristics of stuttering are repetition of sounds and syllables, sound prolongations, and broken words. Repetition of sounds and syllables would be repeating a specific sound or syllable of a word and having trouble moving past that sound. (ex. m, m, m, m) Sound prolongations would be holding onto a specific sound in speech and prolonging it’s sound. (ex. mmmmmmm) Broken words are unintentional long pauses after each sound. (ex. m (pause) )
State the three positions a paralyzed vocal fold may rest in.
The three positions are lateral,medial and paramedial.
What is the unit of measurement for intensity of sound?
Decibels
What is the difference between abduction and adduction of vocal folds?
Abduction of vocal folds opens them while adduction closes them.
Which of the following does not help classify consonants?
Lip rounding
State any two causes of dysphagia.
Cerebral palsy and stroke.
What is the difference in terms of consistency of speech errors between apraxia of speech and dysarthria?
Dysarthria speech errors are consistent and imprecise while apraxia errors are inconsistent.
Describe (a) the process of theorizing and (b) testing of a theory using an example.
Theorizing is the process of connecting ideas and statements to create an explanation for an observation. An example of this would be lack of sleep is connected to growing rates of depression and anxiety. The testing of a theory can be explained using the same example. To test this theory you must compare individuals with lack of sleep and the correct amount of sleep, investigate the logistics to determine how theory can be tested, compare with other theories to determine if there would be a scientific advance if it’s results prove more likely than other theories, and finally testing the theory through series of experiments and observations to see how well the theory stands and if it is accurate.
Preparatory phase
Chewing food to create a bolus
Esophageal phase
Using peristaltic contractions, the bolus is moved into the stomach
Anticipatory phase
Salivating and getting ready to eat
Transport phase
Moves bolus to the back of the mouth and triggers the pharyngeal reflex
Pharyngeal phase
Closes the trachea and opens the esophagus
According to Bloom (2001), specifically, what is the problem of word learning?
The specific problem with word learning is that there is no true meaning of words.
Which are the two important benchmarks when evaluating a voice disorder?
Two important benchmarks when evaluating a voice disorder are perceptual signs along with a person’s case history.
What is the unit of measurement of frequency?
Hertz
What are the types of speech sound errors one might see in a client?
Substitutions, omissions, distortions or additions of a sounds (SODA)
Which of the following helps change the intensity of voice?
Subglottic air pressure
Which of the following does not help classify vowels?
Length
Misuse and abuse of voice can result in which of the following conditions?
Laryngitis
Contact ulcers
Vocal polyps
What is the space between the vocal folds called?
Glottis
In learning a language, a child needs to learn that each word
has a specific referent, a person or a thing
consistently refers to the same person or thing
predictably refers to the same person or thing
What happens to the range and frequency of babbling in a child who has deafness?
A child who has deafness lacks frequent babbling and doesn’t have the typical range of babbling other children their age do.
Young adults are most at risk for acquiring
TBI
Why might it be difficult to clearly identify the role of genetics in causing autism?
Identifying the role of genetics in the cause of Autism is difficult because there are multiple allele frequencies that have shown similarities in the formation of Autism and there hasn’t been a specific one identified. It is also difficult to identify because Autism can’t be identified prior to pregnancy or while pregnant.
Problems with learning disabilities might be confounded by ______ problems
behavioral
[_________] increases the risk of stroke. (Zhang et al, 2011)
smoking and high bmi
Which are the three aspects of language affected in language disorders
form, content, and use
The relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of CVA is linear.
False
According to Avanitakis, Shah, and Bennett, 2000, increasing cognitive, physical, and social activities helps lower the risk of
Dementia
The type of aphasia that affects the ability to repeat words is ______ aphasia
conduction
Language impairment in children might be due to
Developmental abnormalities
Accident or injury
Environmental factors
Selection of an alternative word in a category such as lion for tiger is an example of
Paraphasia
In fluent aphasias, the lesion is typically found in the
Posterior portions of the left cerebral hemisphere
In right hemisphere injury, the disturbances could be
Attentional
Visuospatial
Communicative
Describe experimental control
Experimental control is holding all variables that might affect the data (dependent variables) constant -except the independent variable, the effects of which are being examined.
Possible dangers of labeling include
Lowering expectations
Limiting experiences
Encouraging preconceived ideas
To become a successful clinician, which skill is crucial to acquire?
To become a successful clinician, the clinical reasoning skill is crucial to acquire.
The medical term for a stroke is
Cerebrovascular accident
Adult language impairment could occur due to
Interruption of blood supply to the brain
Direct destruction of neural tissue
A pathological process in the nervous system
Define confounding a variable.
A confounding variable is one, which could unknowingly affect the dependent variable and hence the experimental outcome.
In non-fluent aphasias, the site of lesion is typically found in the
Anterior portions of the left cerebral hemisphere
The first indicators of autism are ______ problems
communication
Conduction aphasia is caused due to damage to the
Arcuate fasciculus
Which of the following is considered one of the most important skills children acquire in their early school years?
Literacy skills
According to Vouloumanos & Vaxman, 2014, which of the following helps infants acquire
Listening to speech
Which of the following conditions is not a type of aphasia?
Dementia
a) Why does a single experiment not stand alone or why is a single experiment not reliable?
b) What is the solution to the above problem?
c) When do the findings become reliable?
a) A single experiment does not stand alone as possible errors by one experimenter cannot be ruled out.
b) To rule out any possible errors on part of an experimenter, experiments must be replicated.
c) Thus, reliable conclusions are based on a convergence of evidence from numerous studies.
The most common characteristic of right hemisphere is
Neglect
Grøntvedt et al (2018) and Arvanitakis et al (2019) discuss the types of risks of acquiring Alzheimer’s disease and Dementia respectively. Which two types of risks do they discuss?
Grøntvedt et al (2018) and Arvanitakis et al (2019) discuss modifiable and non-modifiable risks.
The loudness of a sound (wave) is determined its
amplitude
When talking with an individual who has presbycusis, one should ideally talk __________.
slowly
In which frequency range is the acoustic notch (due to NIHL) present?
4 -6 kHz
At or above which level of hearing loss is an individual typically unable to use hearing as the primary mode of communication?
90 dB in both ears
AC
Air Conduction Thresholds
PTS
Permanent Thresholds Shift
NIHL
Noise Induced Hearing Loss
EPD
Ear Protection Device
What is one way in which an audiologist might be able to help someone with presbycusis communicate better?
By prescribing one or more hearing aids
While you are trying to study in your bedroom, your roommate is playing loud music in the living room. Describe using three examples, how you can use each of these 3 ways to control noise (loud music) so that you can study.
Three ways I could control noise so I could study would be by controlling at the source by studying in a room with carpet to absorb vibrations, controlling transmission by shutting the door to my room to block the noise, or using ear protection like ear plugs.
Which of the following devices is used to measure noise exposure?
Dosimeter
What is the unit of measurement of frequency?
Hertz
Do animals show the Lombard effect? Explain your answer.
The Lombard effect is a vocal response to being in a loud environment. I believe that animals show the Lombard effect because in order to communicate they may unknowingly change pitch or volume in order to be heard by other animals.
Which of the following actions might help us protect our hearing from NIHL?
Limiting exposure to either prolonged noises, loud noises, or both.
Wearing ear protection devices during all loud activities, whether occupational or recreational.
Educating ourself and others about the sources of potential noise exposure.
The unit of measurement of sound level on an audiogram is ________.
Decibel
When particles in air oscillate, in the ______ direction as the pressure change, a _____ wave is produced, which is perceived as sound by the human ear.
same, longitudinal
A mixed hearing loss consists of __________ in the same ear.
Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
If you increase the loudness of your music by 100%, by what percent should you decrease the time spent listening to music so that your hearing does not develop any threshold shifts.
50%
