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NSCA CSCS > CSCS CH 2 Biomechanics of Resistance Exercise > Flashcards

CSCS CH 2 Biomechanics of Resistance Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A

Focuses on the mechanisms through which the musculoskeletal components interact to create movement.

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2
Q

Origin

A

Proximal attachment (toward the center of the body)

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3
Q

Insertion

A

Distal attachment (Away from the center of the body)

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4
Q

Fleshy Attachment

A

mostly found at proximal end of muscle. Directly affixed to the bone, usually over a wide area so that force is distributed rather than localized.

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5
Q

Fibrous attachment

A

Tendon; blend into & are continuous with both the muscle sheaths & the connective tissue surrounding the bone.

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6
Q

Agonist

A

primary mover, muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement.

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7
Q

antagonist

A

A muscle that can slow down or stop the movement

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8
Q

synergist

A

A muscle when it assists indirectly in a movement.

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9
Q

First-class lever

A

A lever for which the muscle force & resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum. Elbow extension.

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10
Q

Fulcrum

A

The pivot point of a lever

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11
Q

Lever

A

A rigid or semirigid body that, when subjected to a force whose line of action does not pass through its pivot point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to rotate

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12
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

the ratio of the movement arm through which an applied force acts to that through which a resistance force acts

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13
Q

Moment arm

A

(Force arm, lever arm, & torque arm) The perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the fulcrum.

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14
Q

muscle force

A

force generated by biochemical activity, or the stretching of noncontractile tissue, that tends to draw the opposite ends of a muscle toward each other.

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15
Q

Resistance Force

A

Force generated by a source external to the body that acts contrary to the muscle force (gravity, friction, inertia)

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16
Q

Second-class lever

A

A lever for which the muscle force & resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than that through which the resistance force acts, as when the calf muscles work to raise the body onto the balls of the feet.

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17
Q

Third-class lever

A

A lever for which the muscle force & resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm shorter than that through which the resistive force acts. Elbow Flexion

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18
Q

Torque

A

The degree to which a force tends to rotate an object about a specified fulcrum. Quantitatively as the magnitude of a force times the length of its movement arm.

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19
Q

Anatomical position

A

the body is erect, the arms are down at the sides & the palms force forward

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20
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Slices body into Right & Left. Ex Standing barbell curl.

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21
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Slices body into front & back. EX Standing lateral dumbbell raise.

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22
Q

Transverse planes

A

upper & lower sections. EX Dumbbell fly.

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23
Q

Strength

A

Ability to exert force, there is considerable disagreement as to how strength should be measured. Use of isometric strength testing & also isokinetic strength testing.

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24
Q

Acceleration

A

Change in velocity per unit time. According to Isaac Newton’s Second Law: Force=Mass X Acceleration

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25
Q

Power

A

Time rate of doing work. Power= work / time

26
Q

Work

A

product of the force exerted on an object & the distance the object moves in the direction in which the force is exerted. Work = Force X Displacement.

27
Q

Angular Displacement

A

The angle through which an object rotates

28
Q

Angular velocity

A

The object’s rotational speed, measured in radians per second

29
Q

Rotational work

A

work = torque X Angular displacement

30
Q

Rotation Power

A

Power =Work / Time

31
Q

Recruitment

A

Neural Control affects the maximal force output of a muscle by determining which & how many motor units are involved in a muscle contraction.

32
Q

Rate Coding

A

The rate at which the motor units are fired.

33
Q

Pennate muscle

A

has fibers that align obliquely with the tendon, creating a featherlike arrangement

34
Q

Angle of pennation

A

defined as the angle between the muscle fibers & an imaginary line between the muscle’s organ & insertion, ) corresponds to no pennation.

35
Q

Radiate

A

Glute Medius

36
Q

Multipennate

A

Deltoid

37
Q

Fusiform

A

Bicep brachii

38
Q

Longitudinal

A

Rectus Abdominis

39
Q

Bipennate

A

Rectus Femoris

40
Q

Unipennate

A

Tibialis posterior

41
Q

Concentric muscle action

A

The muscle shortens because the contractile force is greater than the resistive force EX.) swimming & cycling.

42
Q

Eccentric muscle action

A

The muscle lengthens because the contractile force is less than the resistive force EX) An lowering phases of resistance training.

43
Q

Isometric muscle action

A

The muscle length does not change; because the contractile force is equal to resistance force EX) wall-sit; Abs during sit-ups.

44
Q

Classic Formula

A

The load lifted is divided by body weight to the two-thirds power, thus according for the relationship of cross-sectional area versus volume.

45
Q

Weight-stack

A

Machine fixated, increased control over the direction & pattern of resistance.

46
Q

Free-weights

A

Dumbbells, barbells. Less control & control pattern of resistance

47
Q

Inertial force

A

Force applied by an object when accelerated. Barbell or weights. Can act in any direction.

48
Q

Bracketing technique

A

Which the athlete performs the sport movement with less than normal & greater than normal resistance, is another form of acceleration training.

49
Q

Friciton

A

The resistive force encountered when one attempts to move an object while it is press against another object

50
Q

Fluid Resistance

A

The resistive force encountered by an object moving through a fluid (liquid or gas) or by a fluid moving past or around an object or through anopening.

51
Q

Surface Drag

A

Friction of a fluid passing along the surface of an object

52
Q

Form drag

A

The way in which a fluid presses against the front or rear of an object passing through it.

53
Q

Lordotic

A

Lumbar spine position is superior to a rounded back for avoiding injury. Anterior rounding. Cervical & Lumbar.

54
Q

Kyphotic

A

Rounding toward the back. Thoracic

55
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the front (anterior)

56
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back (posterior)

57
Q

Fluid Ball

A

Abdominal fluids & tissue kept under pressure by tensing surrounding muscle (deep abdominal muscles & diaphragm) have been described as a fluid ball. That aids in supporting the vertebral column during resistance training.

58
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

The glottis is closed, this keeping air from escaping the lungs, & the muscles of the abdomen & rib cage contract, creating rigid compartments of liquid in the lower torso & air in the upper torso.

59
Q

Shoulders

A

prone to injury during resistance training, due to both its structure & the forces to which is is subjected during a training session.

60
Q

Knees

A

prone to injury because of its location between two long levers (the upper & lower leg)

61
Q

Elbow & Wrists

A

primary injury involve overhead lifts. Not as prevalent compared to overhead sports

NSCA CSCS (3 decks)

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