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NSCA CSCS > CSCS CH 1 Structure & Function of Body Systems > Flashcards

CSCS CH 1 Structure & Function of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

consists of bones, joints, muscles, & tendons configured to allow the great variety of movements characteristics of human acitivty

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2
Q

Skeleton

A

muscle attachment points, to cause bony levels to enforce pushing and pulling forces from muscles.

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3
Q

Axial skeleton

A

consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, & sternum

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4
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

includes the shoulder girdle; bones of the arm, wrist & hands. The pelvic girdle; bones of the legs, ankles, & feet.

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5
Q

Fibrous joints

A

allow virtually no movement; EX) sutures of the skull.

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6
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Allow limited movement; EX) intervertebral disks.

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7
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Allow considerable movement. EX) elbow & knee

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8
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Articulating bone ends are covered in.

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9
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

The entire joint is enclosed in a capsule filled of

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10
Q

Uniaxial joints

A

Allows 1 axis of movement. EX) Hinge joint, elbow or knee

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11
Q

Biaxial Joints

A

Allows movement in 2 perpendicular axes. EX) ankle & wrist

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12
Q

multiaxial joints

A

Allows movement in all three perpendicular axes; EX ball-n-socket joint, hip or shoulder

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13
Q

Vertebral column make up

A 
Vertebral bones separated by flexible disks that allow movement to occur
7 cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 fused sacral
3 to 5 coccygeal
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14
Q

Epimysium

A

fibrous connective tissue, covers the body’s more than 430 skeletal muscles

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15
Q

tendon

A

connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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16
Q

Bone periosteum

A

specialized connective tissue covering all bones

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17
Q

proximal

A

closer to the trunk

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18
Q

distal

A

farther from the trunk

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19
Q

superior

A

closer to the head

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20
Q

inferior

A

closer to the feet

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21
Q

muscle fibers

A

muscle cells; long, cylindrical cells; Nuclei situated on periphery of the cell

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22
Q

Fasciculi

A

bundles of muscle fibers under the epimysium may consist of 150 fibers

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23
Q

perimysium

A

fasciculi bundle being surrounded by this connective tissue

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24
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber of fasciculi

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25
Q

sarcolemma

A

encircled & is contiguous with endomysium; inside a fasciculus

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26
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

interior structure of a muscle fiber. Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber, contains contractile components; protein filaments, other proteins, stored glycogen, enzymes, fat particles, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Surrounds the myofibril

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27
Q

myofibrils

A

within the sarcoplasm; contains apparatus that contracts the muscle cells (myofilaments actin and myosin)

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28
Q

myofilaments

A

where the sarcomere is located actin and myosin

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29
Q

motor neuron

A

nerve cell located in central nervous system (CNS)

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30
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

where the motor neuron & muscle fiber meet & is innervated (motor end plate)

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31
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron & the muscle fiber it innervates contract together when stimulated by motor neuron

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32
Q

cross-bridge

A

myosin thick head protrudes away from myosin filament & connects to, innervates with, actin thin.

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33
Q

sarcomere

A

Smallest contractile unit of the skeletal muscle

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34
Q

A-band

A

Dark; corresponds with the alignment of the myosin and actin attachment point

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35
Q

I-band

A

Light; corresponds with the areas in two adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments

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36
Q

Z-line

A

middle of the I-band (actin) & appears as a thin, dark line running longitudinally through the I-band

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37
Q

H-zone

A

Area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present

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38
Q

M-line

A

Center of the A band & sarcomere.

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39
Q

Action potential

A

An electrical nerve impulse. Arrives nearly simultaneously from surface to all depths of the muscle fibers. Calcium is thus released throughout the muscle, producing a coordinated contraction

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40
Q

Sliding-Filament theory

A

States that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere & shortening the muscle fiber.

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41
Q

SFT; Resting Phase

A

Resting conditions, little calcium is present in the myofibrils (stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum) very few myosin cross-bridges are bound to actin.

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42
Q

SFT; Excitation-contraction coupling phase

A

Before myosin cross-bridges can flex, they must first attach to the actin filaments

43
Q

troponin

A

A protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filaments & has a high affinity for calcium ions.

44
Q

tropomyosin

A

protein molecule that runs the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double helix. The myosin cross-bridge attaches more rapidly.

45
Q

SFT; contraction phase

A

when calcium binds to troponin

46
Q

power stroke

A

The energy of pulling action hydrolysis (breakdown) of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) & phosphate (P), catalyzed by enzyme myosin adenosine triphosphate (ATPase).

47
Q

SFT; Recharge phase

A

measurable muscle shortening transpires only when this sequence of events binding of calcium to troponin, coupling of the myosin, cross-bridge with actin, power stroke, dissociation of actin & myosin, & resetting of the myosin head position. Repeated over & over again.

48
Q

SFT; Relaxation phase

A

Occurs when the stimulation of a motor nerve stops. Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, prevents binding between actin & myosin filaments

49
Q

Neuromuscular system

A

muscle fibers are innervated by motor neurons that transmit impulses in the form of electrochemical signals from the spinal cord to the muscles

50
Q

Acetylocholine

A

Arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal causes release of this neurotransmitter. It diffuses across the neuromuscular junction causing excitation of the sarcolemma

51
Q

All-OR-none principle

A

All of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract & develop force at the same time. If none contract than there is no contraction

52
Q

Twitch

A

Each action potential traveling down a motor neuron results in a short period of activation of the muscle fibers within the motor unit.

53
Q

Tentanus

A

The stimuli may be delivered at so high a frequency that the twitches begin to merge & eventually completely fuse. Maximal amount of force the motor unit can develop.

54
Q

Fast-Twitch fibers

A

A motor unit that develops force & also relaxes rapidly & has a short twitch time. Type IIa & IIx

55
Q

Slow-twitch fibers

A

A motor unit that develops force & relaxes slowly & has a long twitch time. Type I

56
Q

Type I fibers

A

efficient & fatigue resistant & have a high capacity for aerobic energy supply; limited potential for rapid force development. Low myosin ATPase activity & low anaerobic power

57
Q

Type II fibers

A

Inefficient & Fatigable & have low aerobic power; rapid force development high myosin ATPase activity & high an anaerobic power.

58
Q

Type IIa

A

Have greater capacity for aerobic metabolism & more capillaries surrounding them. Great resistance to fatigue

59
Q

Type IIx

A

Less capacity for aerobic metabolism & less capillaries surrounding. Less resistance to fatigue.

60
Q

Proprioception

A

specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, & tendons sensitive to pressure & tension

61
Q

Muscle spindles

A

proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue. Intra & extrafusal fibers.

62
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

muscle spindles-sensory receptors for muscle control & movement.

63
Q

Extrafusal fibers

A

Build up the muscle mass, generate force & execute movements.

64
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs)

A

Proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction & are in series, attached end to end with extrafusal muscle fibers. Activated when the tendon attached to an active muscle is stretched inhibitory process thought to provide a mechanism that protects against excessive tension

65
Q

Atrium

A

chambers Left & right deliver blood into the left & right ventricles

66
Q

Ventricle

A

Supply the main force for moving blood through the pulmonary & peripheral circulations. Let & Right ventricle

67
Q

Tricuspid valve & mitral valve

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria’s during ventricular contraction.

68
Q

Systole

A

Ventricular contraction

69
Q

Aortic valve & pulmonary valve

A

semilunar valves, prevent backflow from the aorta & pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

70
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricular relaxation

71
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

intrinsic pacemaker, where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated.

72
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

where the impulse is delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles

73
Q

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

A

conduct the impulse to the ventricles

74
Q

Left & right bundle branch

A

conducts impulses to all parts of the ventricles

75
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

continuation of the right bundle branch

76
Q

myocardium

A

The heart muscle

77
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary contractions from the Central Nervous system. Splits into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

78
Q

Sympathetic Nervous system

A

Fight or Flight. Causes depolarization of SA node to make heart beat faster.

79
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest or Digest. Slows the SA node. Slows the heart rate.

80
Q

Bradycardia

A

Fewer than 60 beats/min

81
Q

Tachycardia

A

more than 100 beats/min

82
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

electrical activity of the heart can be recorded at the surface of the body. A graphic representation of activity.

83
Q

P-Wave

A

generated by the changes in the electrical potential of cardiac muscle cells that depolarize the atria & results in atrial contraction.

84
Q

QRS complex

A

Q-wave, R-wave, & S-wave. Generated by the electrical potential that depolarized the ventricles & results in ventricular contraction.

85
Q

T-wave

A

electrical potential generated as the ventricle recover from the state of depolarization

86
Q

Repolarization

A

Occurs in ventricular muscle shortly after depolarization.

87
Q

Arterial system

A

carries blood away from the heart to supply oxygenated blood to the body.

88
Q

Venous system

A

Returns deoxygenated blood toward the heart

89
Q

Arteries

A

rapidly transport blood pumped from the heart. Strong muscular walls

90
Q

arterioles

A

Small branches of arteries. act as control vessels through which blood enter the capillaries.

91
Q

capillaries

A

facilitate exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, & other substances between the blood & the interstitial fluid in the various tissue of the body. Very thin & very permeable.

92
Q

Venules

A

collect blood from the capillaries & gradually converge into large veins

93
Q

Veins

A

transport blood back to the heart. Low pressure, thin walls, although muscular.

94
Q

Hemoglobin

A

transport of oxygen, iron-protein molecule carried by the red blood cells.

95
Q

Red blood cells

A

Major component of the blood, contains carbonic anhydrase, catalyzes carbon dioxide & water for carbon removal.

96
Q

Respiratory System

A

Primary Function of the respiratory system is the basic exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide.

97
Q

Trachea

A

first-generation respiratory passage

98
Q

Bronchi

A

second-generation respiratory passage.

99
Q

Bronchioles

A

The next generation of branches.

100
Q

Alveoli

A

Where gases are exchanged in respiration.

101
Q

Pleural pressure

A

pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura & the chest wall pleura.

102
Q

Pleura

A

Membranes enveloping the lungs & lining the chest wall.

103
Q

Alveolar pressure

A

pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open & no air is flowing into or out of the lungs.

104
Q

Diffusion

A

simple random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane.

NSCA CSCS (3 decks)

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