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Csci2 > CSC final chapts 6,7,8 > Flashcards

CSC final chapts 6,7,8 Flashcards

1
Q

How can we be aware of possible mistakes

A

recognixing mistaken substitutions, respecting upper and lowercase pathnames and passwords

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2
Q

Debugging

A

A process by which one figures out why something isnt working properly

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3
Q

Who causes the bug?

A

usually WE do, involving wrong data, wrong command, broken system

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4
Q

Steps to debugging

A

1.check the error is reproducible, 2 be sure you know the exact problem, 3.check all obvious error sources, 4. isolate problem by dividing the operation into those parts that are working are not

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5
Q

deterministic

A

computers do the exact same thing every time

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6
Q

first step in debugging

A

reproduce the error

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7
Q

print queue

A

place where printing tasks wait befor ebeing processed

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8
Q

how to approach software failures

A

programmers begin with description of” the input, how the system should behave, how the output should be produced”

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9
Q

Fail Soft software

A

the program continuies to operate providing a possibly degraded level of functionality

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10
Q

Fail safe software

A

the system stops functioning to avoid causing harm

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11
Q

True or false, it is practically impossible to have a bug free software

A

TRUE

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12
Q

digitize

A

to represent informatin with digits

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13
Q

limitiation of the dictionary definition of digitize

A

it calls for the use of ten digits which produces a whole number

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14
Q

advantages of digits

A

the have short names, can be listed in numerical order

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15
Q

collating sequence

A

placing information in order by using non digit symbols, an agreed order for basic symbols

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16
Q

Pand A

A

name used for two fundamental patterns of digital information: Presence, absence

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17
Q

Key property of PandA

A

is that the phenonmenon is eiher present or not (binary)

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18
Q

In the PandA representation

A

the unit is a specific place, presence or absence of the phemonomenon can be set and detected

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19
Q

PandA unit

A

bit(binary digit)

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20
Q

group of bits

A

symbol

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21
Q

memory

A

long sequence of bits

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22
Q

how to read bits

A

1 is presence, 0 is absence

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23
Q

Hex digits

A

hexadecimal digits are base-16 numbers( 1-9, A-F)

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24
Q

hexits

A

16 digits of Hex digits, they can be represented by 16 smbols of 4 bit sequences

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25
Q

two earliest of PandA

A

encode numbers, encode keyboard characters

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26
Q

two’s complement notation

A

most popular means of representing integer values using 8 bits

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27
Q

excess notation

A

another means of reprsenting integer clues, used in floating point notation

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28
Q

both twos complement notation and excess notation can suffer from over flow errors, T or F?

A

TRUE

29
Q

Floating Point Notation

A

Evilness. JK. Consists of a sign bit, a mantissa field, and an exponent field

30
Q

ASCII

A

American Standard Code for Informatio Interchange(7bit code)

31
Q

Extended ASCII

A

8 bit code

32
Q

byte

A

8 bit sequence

33
Q

UPC

A

universal product codes (7 bits are used to encode the digits 0-9)

34
Q

meta data

A

information describing information (third basic form of data)

35
Q

parity

A

refers to whether a number is even or odd

36
Q

how to detect errors in memory

A

a ninth bit per byte can detect errors using parity (any single bitt error cuases parity to become odd)

37
Q

pixels

A

are small points of colored light arranged in a rectangle

38
Q

how many colors is a pixel formed from?

A

3 (RGB)

39
Q

reprsenting the color of a single requires # bytes

A

3 bytes

40
Q

Black

A

absence of light (all 0s in the bits)

41
Q

white

A

full intensity of each color (all 1s in the bits)

42
Q

computing on reprsentations

A

when digital informatin is chaned through computation (changing brightness or contrast of photo)

43
Q

brightness

A

how close to white the pixels are

44
Q

contrast

A

the size of difference between the darkest and lightest portions of the image

45
Q

to make a picture brighter

A

add # to each pixel (make it closer to 1)

46
Q

objects create sound by

A

vibrating in a medium

47
Q

to digitize you must

A

convert to bits

48
Q

to digitize sound waves

A

use inary number to record the amount that the wave is above or below the 0 line

49
Q

nyquist rule

A

says that a sampling rate must be at least twice as fast as the fastest frequency

50
Q

digitizing process for sound

A

sound is picked up by microphone (transducer). Signal is fed into analog-to digital converter(ADC), then process is reversed to paly sound (uses DAC). Electrical signal then put intoa speaker and converts to sound wave

51
Q

to make a sound sample more accurate

A

use more bits

52
Q

how bits does audio digital representation use?

A

16 bits

53
Q

advantages of digital sound

A

computers do the exact same thing every time

54
Q

computing on the respresentation

A

ie. MP3, it allows for 10:1 compression

55
Q

compression

A

to change the representation in order to use fewer bits to store or transmit information

56
Q

run length encoding

A

is lossless compression scheme, orignial reprsenation can be perfectly reconstructed from compressed version(MP3)

57
Q

lossy compression

A

original representation cannot be exactly reconstructed from compressed version(JPEG)

58
Q

GIF

A

graphic interachange format

59
Q

MPEG compression

A

applied to motion pictures, a JPEG type compression is applied to each frame

60
Q

interframe coherency

A

MPEG compression only has to record and transimt the differences between frames (reuslting in huge amounts of compression)

61
Q

frame grabber

A

recognizes when to snap image and send to computer for processing

62
Q

classifier

A

matches features to letters of alphabet

63
Q

optical character recognition

A

enables computer to ‘read” printed characters

64
Q

haptic devices

A

are input/output technology for itneracting with our sense of touch and feel

65
Q

latency

A

is the time it takes for information to be delivered

66
Q

bandwith

A

how much information is transmitted per unit time

67
Q

bias free universal medium principle

A

bits can represent all discrete information

68
Q

bits can represent

A

binary numbers, ASCII characters, RGB colors, unlimited list of other things

69
Q

MP3, JPEG and MPEG are used for which compressions? (each on is different)

A

MP3-audio, JPEG-pictures, MPEG-video

Csci2 (5 decks)

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