Crytography historical Flashcards
In what year did the Cipher disk get invented by Leon Alberti
1466
In what year did Vigenere Cipher invented by Giovan Battista Bellaso
1553
In what year did Playfair Cipher invented by Charles Wheatstone
1854
In what year did 1st successful attack on the Vigenere cipher published by Friedrich Kasiski
1863
In what year did ADFGVX Cipher invented by Colonel Fritz Nebel
1918
In what year did RSA invented by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman
1977
In what war did the germans use the enigma machine
WWII
In what year did X.509 first use
1988
In what year did DSA filed and attributed to David Kravitz | US Patent 5,231,668
1991
In what year did DSA adopted by US Government with FIPS 186
1993
In what year did FISH (Fibonacci Shrinking) published by Siemens
1993
In what year did TIGER designed by Ross Anderson
1995
In what year did AES (Rijndael) announced as replacement for DES | FIPS 197
2001
Enigma Machine invented in 1918 by Arthur Scherbius
1918
Single Alphabet
Mono-Alphabet Substitution Ciphers
Reverses the alphabet ( A becomes Z, B becomes Y … )
Atbash
Choose some number by which to shift each letter of the message. ( right is “+” | left is
“-“ | A “+2” = C | C “-1” = B )
Caesar
Rotate all characters 13 letters through the alphabet ( A becomes N, B becomes O … )
ROT-13
Use of a rod of a certain length to create/encrypt a message, and same rod must be used
to read/decrypt the message by the recipient
Scytale
add complexity by adding alphabets to be used for the
substitution rounds.
Example: We are using three alphabets to do the shifting, each represented by a “+” or a “-“
value. When we run out of alphabets, we start over again with the first one, effectively “roundrobining”
through the text until it is all shifted.
Multi-Alphabet Substitution
a physical device used to encrypt. Invented by Leon Alberti in 1466. The cipher
disk was polyalphabetic; each time you turned the disk, you used a new cipher.
The cipher disk
invented in 1553 by Giovan Battista Bellaso, but is named for Blaise de
Vigenère who developed a stronger version of the cipher. It is a method of encrypting by using a
series of interwoven Caesar ciphers based on the letters of a keyword. It is considered a
polyalphabetic cipher system. Friedrich Kasiski published the first successful attack against the
Vigenère cipher in 1863.
The Vigenère cipher
invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1854. Uses a five-by-five table
containing a keyword or key phrase. To generate the key table, one would first fill in the spaces
in the table with the letters of the keyword (dropping any duplicate letters), then fill in the
remaining spaces with the rest of the letters of the alphabet in order. The technique encrypts pairs
of letters (digraphs), instead of single letters as in the simple substitution cipher. The Playfair is
significantly harder to break since the frequency analysis used for simple substitution ciphers
does not work with it. A typical 5x5 key square is below: (Any sequence of 25 letters can be
used as a key, so long as all letters are in it and there are no repeats. Note that there is no ‘j’, it is
combined with ‘i’.)
k e y w o<br></br>
r d a b c<br></br>
f g h i l<br></br>
m n p q s<br></br>
t u v w x<br></br>
The Playfair Cipher
The key for this
algorithm is a six-by-six square made up of the letters ADFGVX forming the outer row and
column, the rest of the table is comprised of the letters of the alphabet and the numbers 0 through
9 distributed randomly in the square.
The ADFGVX Cipher
a multi-alphabet substitution cipher using machinery to accomplish the
encryption. In World War II, the Germans used this as an electromechanical rotor-based cipher
system.
The ENIGMA Machine
The Affine cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher, wherein each letter in an alphabet is mapped to its numeric equivalent, encrypted using a simple mathematical function, and converted back to a letter.
Affine cipher
