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Mineralogy > CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY > Flashcards

CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY

A

Study of atomic Structure, Physical properties, Chemical composition of crystalline materials

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2
Q

APC IS WHAT

A

A - Atomic Structure
P - Physical Properties
C - Chemical composition

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3
Q

ABUNDANT ELEMENTS IN THE CONTINENTAL CRUST ARE?

A
  1. Oxygen 46.6%
  2. Silicon 27.7
  3. Aluminum 8.1
  4. Iron 5.0
  5. Calcium 3.6
  6. Sodium 2.8
  7. Potassium 2.6
  8. Magnesium 2.1
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4
Q

ABUNDANT ELEMENTS ARE MOSTLY

A

Silicates

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5
Q

WHAT IS ATOMS

A

Minute building Block of all matter including mineral that cannot split

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6
Q

DEFINE NUCLEUS

A

A small positively charged central region of an atom

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7
Q

ENUMERATE PARTS OF THE NUCLES

A

Proton ( p+ ) positively charged particle

Neutron ( n^0) neutrally charged particles

Electron ( e-) Negatively charged particles

Electron clouds - empty region o an atom where electrons move in orbitals around the nucleus

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8
Q

ATOMIC MASS OF PROTON

A

1.00728

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9
Q

ATOMIC MASS OF NEUTRON

A

1.00867

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10
Q

ATOMIC MASS OF ELECTRON

A

0.0000054

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11
Q

WHAT IS VALENCE ELECTRON

A

Found on outermost region of electron cloud, Free to interact with other atom to form chemical bonding

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12
Q

TREND OF NONMETALLIC IN PERIODIC TABLE

A

BOTTOM LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT

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13
Q

TREND OF METALLIC IN PERIODIC TABLE

A

UPPER RIGHT TO BOTTOM LEFT

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14
Q

TREND OF ATOMIC RADIUS IN PERIODIC TABLE

A

TOP TO BOTTOM & LEFT TO RIGHT

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15
Q

TREND OF IONIZATION-ENERGY & ELECTRON AFFINITY IN PERIODIC TABLE

A

LEFT TO RIGHT & BOT TO TOP

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16
Q

DEFINE ELEMENTS

A

Atoms are having the same number of protons

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17
Q

DEFINE ISOTOPES

A

Atom of the same element possess different atomic mass number

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18
Q

Enumerate hydrogen isotopes

A

1H - protium

2H - Dietium

3H - Tritium

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19
Q

DEFINE STABLE ISOTOPES

A

Stable Nuclei, Retaining the same number of protons and neutrons over time

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20
Q

DEFINE RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES

A

Unstable nuclei, nuclear configuration spontaneously transformed by radioactive decay

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21
Q

HOW ATOM STABILIZE

A

Electrical charges if atom bond them with another atom neutralizing or lowering their total energy giving them stability

22
Q

WHAT IS OCTET RULE

A

Atoms gain and lose or share electrons until they surrounded by eight valence electrons

23
Q

Transfer or sharing of electrons to attain complete eight valence electron

A

CHEMICAL BOND

24
Q

Possess charge due to gain or lose of an electron

A

IONS

25
Q

Positively Charge ions

A

CATIONS

26
Q

Negatively charged ions

A

ANIONS

27
Q

One atoms gives up one or more valence electron to another to form ion

A

IONIC BONDING

28
Q

A chemical bond formed by the sharing a pair of electrons between atoms

A

COVALENT BONDINGS

29
Q

Valence electron shared between atoms are free to move from one atom to another accounting for a hugh electrical conductivity

A

METALLIC BONDING

30
Q

FORCES INCLUDES ATTRACTIONS AND REPULSION BETWEEN SURFACE, Atom, Molecules. Created by weak bonding of oppositely depolarized electron clouds and commonly occurs around covalently bonded elements

A

VAN DER WAALS BONDING

31
Q

WEAK BOND BETWEEN 2 MOLECULES RESULTING AN ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IN ONE AND AN ELECTRON IN ANOTHER

A

HYDROGEN BONDING

32
Q

TRENDS OF BONDING WEAK TO STRONGEST

A

COVALENT
IONIC
METTALIC
HYDROGEN
VAN DER WAALS

33
Q

one ion replacing another ion due to availability in the environment while mineral is forming occurs due to an ion having similar charges & size

A

ATOMIC SUBSTITUTION

34
Q

TYPES OF SUBSTITUTION

A
  1. Simple complete
  2. Coupled Ionic
  3. Limited ionic
35
Q

A type of
substitution that exists when two or more ions of similar radius and the same charge substitute for one another in a coordination site in any proportions.

A

Simple Complete Substitution

36
Q

Example of complete substitution

A

Ex.
o Olivine - (Mg,Fe)2SiO4

37
Q

(MG RICH )OLIVINE

A

Fosterite (Mg)2 SiO4

38
Q

(Fe Rich) Olivine

A

Fayalite ( Fe )2 SiO4

39
Q

(Sd) Siderite or _ _ co3

A

(Iron )FeCo3

40
Q

(Rc) Rhodochrosite _ _ Co3

A

Mn ( Manganese)

41
Q

Magnesite (Ms)_ _ Co3

A

Mg Rich ( Manganese)

42
Q

A type of substitution that involves the simultaneous substitution of ions of different charges in two different structural sites.

A

COUPLE IONIC SUBSTITUTION

43
Q

Example of COUPLED IONIC

A

Plagioclase Feldspar - (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)Si2O8

44
Q

A type of substitution that exists between end-member components of a solid solution series due to ions of substantially different sizes limiting the amount of substitution.

A

LIMITED IONIC SUBSTITUTION

45
Q

EXAMPLE OF LIMITED IONIC SUBSTITUTION

A

Calcite (Ca)CO3 to Magnesite (Mg)CO3

46
Q

MNERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IONIC BONDING

A

V - Variable hardness.
B- Brittle at room temp.
Q - Quite soluble in polar substances.
I - Intermediate melting temp.
T - Translucent to transparent.

47
Q

MINERAL CHARACTERISTICS IF COVALENT BONDIG

A
  • Mod. to high melting temp.
  • Hard and brittle at room temp.
  • Insoluble in polar substances.
  • Crystallize from melts.
  • Translucent to transparent.
48
Q

MINERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF METALLIC BINDING

A
  • Fairly soft to mod. hard.
  • Opaque.
  • Plastic. malleable and ductile.
  • Excellent electrical and thermal conductors.
  • High specific gravity.
49
Q

MINERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VAN DER WAALS

A
  • Soft.
  • Poor conductors.
  • Low melting points.
  • Low crystal symmetry.
50
Q

MINERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN BONDING

A

Occurs in hydrated or hydroxyl minerals.

Mineralogy (4 decks)

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