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Cyber Security > CRY > Flashcards

CRY Flashcards

1
Q

mathematical function that determines the cryptographic operations

A

Algorithm

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2
Q

encryption system using a pair of mathematically related unequal keys

A

Asymmetric

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3
Q

Sender and receiver have public and private keys.
Public to encrypt a message, private to decrypt
Slower than symmetric, secret key (100 to 1000)

A

Asymmetric Cryptography

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4
Q

encrypt/decrypt request are processed in queues.

A

Asynchronous

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5
Q

statistical probabilities of a collision are more likely than one thinks

A

Birthday attack

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6
Q

manipulates toll-free line voltage to phone for free

A

Black Boxing

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7
Q

Segregating plaintext into blocks and applying identical encryption algorithm and key

A

Block Cipher

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8
Q

By Bruce Schneider key lengths 32 to 448 bits, used on Linux systems that use bcrypt (DES alternative)
Confidentiality Symmetric, Algorithm

A

Blowfish

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9
Q

tone simulation that mimics telephone co. system and allows long distance call authorization

A

Blue Boxing

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10
Q

with enough computing power trying all possible combinations

A

Brute Force

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11
Q

mono-alphabetic substitution cipher

A

Caesar cipher

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12
Q

blocks of 64 bits with 64bits initialization vector. Errors will propagate

A

CBC Cipher Block Chaining

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13
Q

PKI, entity trusted by one or more users as an authority in a network that issues, revokes, and manages digital certificates.

A

Certificate Authority

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14
Q

a temporary public file to inform others of a compromised digital certificate

A

Certificate revocation List (CRL)

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15
Q

a trusted issuer of digital certificates

A

Certification authority

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16
Q

stream cipher where the cipher text is used as feedback into key generation. errors will propagate

A

CFB, Cipher Feedback

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17
Q

a mathematical tool for verifying no unintentional changes have been made

A

Checksum

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18
Q

cryptographically transformation that operates on characters or bits. DES, word scramble, shift letters

A

Cipher

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19
Q

scrambled form of the message or data

A

Cipher text

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20
Q

situation wherein plain text messages generates identical cipher text messages using the same algorithm but with different crypto-variables or keys

A

Clustering

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21
Q

substitution at the word or phrase level

A

Code

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22
Q

cryptographic transformation that operates at the level of words or phrases. Example: “wedding” means “attack”

A

Codes

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23
Q

outputs within a given function are the same result

A

Collisions

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24
Q

joining two pieces of text -

A

Concatenation

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25
Q

RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adelman) - Factoring large primes
Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem - Logs, discrete logs
Diffie-Hellman for key exchange
El Gamal

A

Confidentiality Asymmetric Algorithms

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26
Q

Confidentiality
Authentication
Non-repudiation
Key management easier
Access control
Integrity

A

Confidentiality Asymmetric Strengths

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27
Q

More processor-intensive than symmetric encryption
Still need to protect private key

A

Confidentiality Asymmetric Weaknesses

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28
Q

AES (Extended AES, Rijndael)
RC4
DES - Brute force can break it, but not flawed. Types Lucifer, Feistle Cipher, Triple DES.

A

Confidentiality Symmetric Algorithms

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29
Q

Confidentiality protection
Speed
Bulk encryption - large files efficiency
Availability of free algorithms

A

Confidentiality Symmetric Strengths

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30
Q

Key management
Scalability issues
Shared keys - No authentication or non-repudiation, Forgery by receiver is possible

A

Confidentiality Symmetric Weaknesses

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31
Q

mixing the key values during repeated rounds of encryption, make the relationship between ciphertext and key as complex as possible

A

Confusion

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32
Q

two certificate authorities that trust each other

A

Cross certification

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33
Q

code breaking, practice of defeating the protective properties of cryptography.

A

Cryptanalysis

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34
Q

Step by step procedure to encipher plaintext and decipher cipher text

A

Cryptographic Algorithm

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35
Q

code making

A

Cryptography

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36
Q

Confidentiality
Integrity
Proof of origin
Non-repudiation
Protect data at rest
Protect data in transit

A

Cryptography Goals

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37
Q

The study of cryptography and cryptanalysis
We think about Confidentiality, Integrity, and key exchange

A

Cryptology

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38
Q

cryptography + cryptanalysis

A

Cryptology - CRY

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39
Q

IPSec
TLS

A

Cryptology implementation

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40
Q

set of transformations from a message space to cipher space

A

Cryptosystem

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41
Q

key

A

Cryptovariable

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42
Q

secure long messages

A

CTR, Counter

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43
Q

descrambling the encrypted message with the corresponding key

A

Decipher

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44
Q

try a list of words in passwords or encryption keys

A

Dictionary attack

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45
Q

switching secret keys over an insecure medium without exposing the keys
Not encryption
Technically - Large prime generation, Groups

A

Diffie Hellman Key exchange

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46
Q

mix location of plaintext throughout ciphertext, change of a single bit should drastically change hash, dissipate pattern

A

Diffusion

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47
Q

a electronic attestation of identity by a certificate authority

A

Digital certificate

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48
Q

Asymmetric encryption of a hash of message

A

Digital Signature

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49
Q

the US Government
Equivalent of the RSA algorithm

A

DSA, Digital Signature Algorithm

50
Q

going through someone’s trash to find useful or confidential info –it is legal but unethical in nature

A

Dumpster Diving

51
Q

right block/left block pairing 1-1. Replication occurs. Secure short messages.
One of the Block modes of symmetric ciphers

A

ECB, Electronic Code Book

52
Q

mathematical properties of elliptical curves, IT REQUIRES FEWER RESOURCES THAN RSA. Used in low power systems (mobile phones etc.)

A

ECC, Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem

53
Q

Works with discrete logarithms, based on
Diffie Hellman

A

el Gamal

54
Q

act of scrambling the cleartext message by using a key.

A

Encipher

55
Q

Encrypted information that is sent from point of origin to destination. In symmetric encryption this means both having the same identical key for the session

A

End-to-end encryption

56
Q

cryptographic keys that are generated for each execution of a key establishment process. SYN-Session Key

A

Ephemeral keys

57
Q

Boolean operation that performs binary addition

A

Exclusive OR

58
Q

one way encryption, for integrity purposes

A

Hash function

59
Q

z-Uses both asymmetrical and symmetrical encryption:
asymmetrical for key exchange
symmetrical for the bulk - thus it is fast
example: SSL, PGP, IPSEC S/MIME

A

Hybrid Cryptography

60
Q

64 bit plaintext and 128 key length with confusion and diffusion used in PGP software patented requires licenses fees/free noncom.

A

IDEA, International Data Encryption Algorithm

61
Q

Claude Elmwood Shannon

A

Information Theory

62
Q

Hash functions
Checksums - Accidental
Message Authentication Code

A

Integrity - How do we know about change?

63
Q

randomly-generated value used by many cryptosystems to ensure that a unique ciphertext is generated

A

Initialization Vector

64
Q

only the key protects the encrypted information

A

Kerckhoff’s principle

65
Q

two different keys decrypt the same cipher text

A

Key clustering

66
Q

for PKI, to store another copy of a key

A

Key escrow

67
Q

use with each algorithm based on the sensitivity of information transmitted, longer key the better!

A

Key Length

68
Q

creation distribution update and deletion

A

Key management

69
Q

Information or sequence that controls the enciphering and deciphering of messages

A

Key or Crypto variable

70
Q

total number of keys available that may be selected by the user of a cryptosystem

A

Key space

71
Q

a hash that has been further encrypted with a symmetric algorithm

A

Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication

72
Q

stacked encryption using different keys to encrypt each time

A

Link encryption

73
Q

adversary intercepts encrypted communications, decrypts, views, encrypts, and send along to the true destination

A

Man-in-the-middle attack

74
Q

Integrity intentional changes

A

MAC, Message Authentication Code

75
Q

summary of a communication for the purpose of integrity

A

Message digest

76
Q

Message digest size for hash functions

A

Hash of Variable Length
HAVAL 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 bits

Hash message authentication code
HMAC Variable

Message Digest
MD5 128 bits

Secure Hash Algorithm
SHA-1 160 bits

SHA2-224/SHA3-224
SHA2-256/SHA3-256
SHA2-384/SHA3-384
SHA2-512/SHA3-512

RIPE Message Digest
RIPEMD-128
RIPEMD-160
RIPEMD-256 (security equivalent to 128)
RIPEMD-320 (security equivalent to 160)

77
Q

computing power will double every 18 months

A

Moore’s Law

78
Q

for PKI, to have more than one person in charge of a sensitive function

A

multi-party control

79
Q

impossibility of denying authenticity and identity

A

Non-repudiation

80
Q

used in cases where the use of encryption is not necessary but yet the fact that no encryption is needed must be configured in order for the system to work. Ex. Testing, stenography

A

Null Cipher

81
Q

stream cipher that generates the key but XOR-ing the plaintext with a key stream. No errors will propagate

A

OFB, Output Feedback

82
Q

a running key using a random key that is never used again

A

One time pad

83
Q

Moving letters around

A

Permutation/transposition

84
Q

GPG; encrypt attached files

A

PGP

85
Q

hackers who commit crimes against phone companies

A

Phreakers

86
Q

natural or human-readable form of message

A

Plain text

87
Q

message in clear text readable form

A

Plaintext

88
Q

using many alphabets

A

Polyalphabetic

89
Q

collection of business processes and technologies used for binding individuals to a digital certificate

A

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

90
Q

a list of hash values, presorted to speed lookup. typically for cracking password hashes. It is a form of time-memory tradeoff, using less CPU at the cost of more storage. A control to reduce this type of attack is salting.

A

Rainbow Tables

91
Q

Variable algorithm up 0 to 2048 bits key size

A

RC5

92
Q

Pay phones cracking

A

Red boxing

93
Q

performs certificate registration services on behalf of a CA. Verifies user credentials

A

Registration Authority

94
Q

for PKI, decertify an entities certificate

A

Revocation

95
Q

for speed, simplicity and resistance against known attacks. Variable block length and variable key lengths (128,192 and 256 bits)

A

Rijndael Block Cipher Algorithm

96
Q

symmetric algorithm patented by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman (RSA) Data Security, the people who developed the RSA asymmetric algorithm. Is a block cipher of variable block sizes (32, 64, or 128 bits) that uses key sizes between 0 (zero) length and 2,040 bits.

A

RC5, Rivest Cipher 5

97
Q

works with one way math with large prime numbers (aka trap door
functions). Can be used for encryption, key exchange
and digital signatures)

A

RSA, Rivest, Shamir, & Adleman

98
Q

an encryption method that has a key as long as the message

A

Running key

99
Q

Someone with moderate hacking skills, gets code from the Internet.

A

Script kiddie

100
Q

moving the alphabet intact a certain number spaces

A

Shift cipher (Caesar)

101
Q

inference about encrypted communications

A

Side channel attack

102
Q

process described by Claude Shannon used in most block ciphers to increase their strength

A

SP-network
The SP-Network is the process described by Claude Shannon used in most block ciphers to increase their strength. SP stands for substitution and permutation (transposition), and most block ciphers do a series of repeated substitutions and permutations to add confusion and diffusion to the encryption process.

103
Q

hiding the fact that communication has occurred

A

Steganography

104
Q

operate on one character or bit of a message (or data stream0 at a time)

A

Stream cipher

Examples: Caesar cipher, one-time pad

105
Q

trading one for another

A

Substitution

106
Q

encryption system using shared key/private key/single key/secret key

A

Symmetric

107
Q

Both the receiver and the sender share a common secret key. Larger key size is safer > 128
Can be time-stamped (to counter replay attacks)
Does not provide mechanisms for authentication and non-repudiation

A

Symmetric Cryptography

108
Q

Symmetric encryption memorization chart

A

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), block size 128, key size 128, 192, 256

Rijndael, block size Variable, key size 128, 192, 256

Blowfish (often used in SSH), block size 64, key size 32-448

Data Encryption Standard (DES), block size 64, key size 56

IDEA (used in PGP), block size 64, key size 128

Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4), block size N/A (stream cipher), key size 40-2048

Rivest Cipher 5 (RC5), block size 32, 64, 128, key size 0-2040

Rivest Cipher 6 (RC6), block size 128, key size 128, 192, 256

Skipjack, block size 64, key size 80

Triple DES (3DES), block size 64, key size 112 or 168

CAST-128, block size 64, key size 40-128

CAST-256, block size 128, key size 128, 160, 192, 224, 256

Twofish, block size 128, key size 1-256

109
Q

each encryption or decryption request is performed immediately

A

Synchronous

110
Q

process of reordering plaintext to hide the message rambo = ombar

A

Transposition/permutation

111
Q

Key lengths 256 bits blocks of 128 in 16rounds BEAT OUT BY Rijndal for AES, based on Blowfish

A

Two fish

112
Q

cipher (one time pad): key of a random set of non-
repeating characters

A

Vernam

113
Q

polyalphabetic substitution

A

Vigenere

114
Q

intellectual property management technique for identifying after distribution

A

Watermarking

115
Q

dual tone, multifrequency generator to control phone system

A

White box

116
Q

effort/time needed to overcome a protective measure

A

Work factor

117
Q

If you want to encrypt a confidential message, use the recipient’s public key

A
118
Q

If you want to decrypt a confidential message sent to you

A
119
Q

If you want to digitally sign a message you are sending to someone else

A
120
Q

If you want to verify the signature on a message sent by someone else

A

Cyber Security (19 decks)

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