CNS Flashcards
the connection between a wireless and wired network
Access point
Provides dial-in and dial-out connections to the network
Access server
Directly connect two+ clients, no access point Infrastructure Mode – connects endpoints to a central network, not directly to each other, need access point and wireless clients for IM mode wireless
Ad hoc mode
Used to match an IP address to a hardware MAC address. It sends out broadcast to a network node to reply with its hardware address. It stores the address in a dynamic table for the duration of the session, so it requests are only sent the first time
Address Resolution Protocol
IP uses the destination IP to transmit packets thru networks until delivered
Addressing
Asymmetric. More downstream bandwidth up to 18,000 feet over single copper cable pair
ADSL, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Infinite wave form, continuous signal, varied by amplification
Asynchronous communications, broadband connections, and half‐duplex links can be digital or analog.
Analog signal
Layer 4 network
Application
Provides an interface for which applications and end users can utilize networked resources.
Examples: FTP, Telnet
Application OSI
Second generation: AKA proxy server While transferring data stream to another network, it masks the data origin. operating at Application layer of OSI
Application level firewall
Layer 7: actually 3 through 7, which look at content and can involve authentication and encryption, can be more flexible and secure but also tend to be far slower.
Application Proxy firewall
Uses token passing in a star technology on coax
ARCnet
used in applications that are dedicated, such as embedded systems, when individual processors can be dedicated to specific tasks at design time
AMP: Asymmetric Multiprocessing
Sends bits of data sequentially. Same speed on both sides. Modems and dial-up remote access systems
Asynchronous
very high bandwidth. It uses 53-byte fixed size cells instead of frames like Ethernet. It can allocate bandwidth up on demand making it a solution for Busty applications. Requires fiber optics
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
A decrease in amplitude as a signal propagates along a transmission medium
Attenuation
logical or physical identifier that a computer uses to distinguish different terminal input/output data streams
Access port
attack on the authentication protocol where the attacker transmits data to the claimant or verifier. Examples include a man-in-the-middle, impersonation, and session hijacking.
Active attack
illegal attaching of an unauthorized device for the purpose of obtaining access to data
Active wiretapping
When attackers send unsolicited messages via Bluetooth
Bluejacking
Targets the data or information on Bluetooth-enabled devices
Bluesnarfing
When wireless workstation is on-lined it sends out a BootP request with its MAC address to get an IP address and the file from which it should boot. Replaced by DHCP
Bootstrap Protocol
a layer 2 device that used to connect two network segments and regulate traffic
Bridge
Forwards data to all other network segments if it’s not on the local segment. Operates at level 2 (thus no IP-addressing)
Bridges
ISDN, cable modems, DSL, and T1/T3 lines that can support multiple simultaneous signals. They are analog and not broadcast technologies.
Broadband Technologies
Source packet is copied and sent to all nodes
Broadcast
Set of systems that can receive a broadcast from each other
Broadcast Domain
a device that provides the functions of both a bridge and a router
Brouter
All transmissions have to travel the full length of the cable
BUS
User initiates a connection, supplies identifying code, and then the system will call back a predetermined telephone number. Also less useful for travelling users
Callback
Checks incoming telephone number against an approval list and then uses Callback. Less useful for travelling users
Caller ID
multiple building connected to fast backbone on a campus
CAN Campus Area Network
for Ethernet. Workstations send out packet. If it doesn’t get an acknowledgement, it resends
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
non-replayable challenge/response dialog
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
used by PPP servers to authenticate remote clients. Encrypts username and PW and performs periodic re authentication while connected using techniques to prevent replay attacks.
CHAP
minimum bandwidth guarantee provided by service provider to customers
CIR Committed Information Rate
Layer 5: looks at header of packet only, protects wide range of protocols and services than app-level proxy, but as detailed a level of control. Basically once the circuit is allowed all info is tunneled between the parties. Although firewalls are difficult to configure correctly, they are a critical component of network security.
Circuit Level Proxy
There must be a dedicated physical circuit path exist during transmission. The right choice for networks that have to communicate constantly. Typically for a telephone company network Voice oriented. Sensitive to loss of connection
Circuit switched network
Used to identify clients to servers via SSL (client authentication)
Client SSL Certificates
Many workstations, length. 1000Base-T – 100 M
Twisted pair to long. Cat 5 better than cat3 for interference Fiber optics immune to EMI, can be broken and high cost/expertise Topology failures
Coaxial
a cable consisting of a core, inner conductor that is surrounding by an insulator, an outer cylindrical conductor
OSI Layer 1->Physical->Wired
Coaxial cable
used to code/decode a digital data stream
Codec
Set of systems that could cause a collision if they transmitted at the same time, more number of systems in domain increases likelihood of network congestion due to more collisions
Collision Domain
layer 1 network device that is used to connect network segments together, but provides no traffic control
Concentrator
Carries multiple types of traffic like voice, video, and data
Converged Network
The merging of specialty or proprietary protocols with standard protocols, such as those from the TCP/ IP suite. The primary benefit of converged protocols is the ability to use existing TCP/ IP supporting network infrastructure to host special or proprietary services without the need for unique deployments of alternate networking hardware.
Converged Protocols
z- are attached by 2 coax cables. In one direction only. Wireless 802.11
OSI Layer 2->traffic control->Contention
IEEE 802.3
CSMA with Collision Avoidance Workstations
Only one host can send at the time, using jamming signals for the rest
OSI Layer 2->traffic control->Contention
IEEE 802.3
CSMA with Collision Detection
z-C
This layer deals with addressing physical hardware. FRAMES
Translates data into bits and formats then into data frames with destination header and source address. Error detection via checksums.
Example: bridge
Data Link Layer 2
z-also Channel Service Unit (CSU)
Digital interface device, used to terminate the physical interface on a DTE device. They connect to the closest telephone company switch in a central office (CO)
Data service unit (DSU)
Occur at Application, Presentation, and Session layers.
Data streams
a technique by which a computer is used to repeatedly dial a number (usually to a crowded modem pool) in an attempt to gain access immediately after another user had hung up
Demon dialer
DHCP
z-Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Saw tooth form, pulses, on-off only, these are a means of transmission that involves the use of a discontinuous electrical signal and a state change or on‐off pulses. Asynchronous communications, broadband connections, and half‐duplex links can be digital or analog.
Digital signal
an asymmetric cryptography mechanism that provides authentication
Digital signature
employs all the available frequencies simultaneously in parallel. This provides a higher rate of data throughput than FHSS. It also uses a special encoding mechanism known as chipping code to allow a receiver to reconstruct data even if parts of the signal were distorted because of interference.
DSSS, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
domain validation tool
DKIM, Domain Keys Identified Mail
When an attacker changes the domain name to IP address mappings of a system to redirect traffic to alternative systems
DNS Poisoning
When an attacker sends false replies to a requesting system, beating valid replies from the real DNS server
DNS Spoofing
Consists of a host with 2 NIC’s. One connected to trusted, one to un-trusted. Can thus be used as translator between 2 network types like Ethernet/token ring. Internal routing capabilities must not be enabled to make it impossible to circumvent inspection of data.
Dual homed host firewall
Fourth generation: Enables modification of the firewall rule. It provides limited support for UDP by remembering UDP packages across the network.
Dynamic Packet Filtering firewall
a passive network attack involving monitoring of traffic
Eavesdropping
forgery of the sender’s email address in an email header
E-mail spoofing
potentially compromising leakage of electrical or acoustical signals
Emanations
z-Encrypts IP packets and ensured integrity.
Header – contains information showing which security association to use and the packet sequence number. Like the AH, the ? sequences every packet to thwart replay attacks.
Encapsulating Security Payload
Using CSMA with an BUS-topology
Ethernet IEEE 802.3
More resistant than coaxial Token Ring because a token is passed by every station, a NIC that’s is set to wrong speed or error can take all network down
Ethernet twisted pair
an authentication framework. Allows for new authentication technologies to be compatible with existing wireless or point-to-point connection technologies, it was used for PPP connections
EAP, Extensible Authentication Protocol
A shield against leakage of electromagnetic signals.
Faraday Cage/Shield
allows existing high-speed networks to be used to carry storage traffic
FCoE, Fiber Channel Over Ethernet
Form of token ring that has second ring that activates on error
Leased lines use multiple lines and/or multiple vendors
OSI Layer 2->Traffic Control->Token
IEEE 802.5
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
bundles of long strands of pure glass that efficiently transmit light pulses over long distances. Interception without detection is difficult.
OSI Layer 1->Physical->Wired
Fiber optics
z-a form of network data-storage solution (SAN or NAS) that allows for high-speed file transfers at upward of 16 GBps. It was designed to be operated over fiber-optic cables; support for copper cables was added later to offer less-expensive options. It can be used to support it over the existing network infrastructure. It is used to encapsulate Fibre Channel communications over Ethernet networks. Fibre Channel operates as a Network layer or OSI layer 3 protocol, replacing IP as the payload of a standard Ethernet network.
FCoE, Fibre Channel over Ethernet
For file transfers. Cannot execute remote files as programs. Authentication. Port 20 and 21
File Transfer Protocol
a group of systems that enforces an access control policy between two networks
Firewalls
a denial of service attack initiated by sending spoofed UDP echo request to IP broadcast addresses
Fraggle
IP will subdivide a packet if its size is greater than the maximum allowed on a local network
Message routing, error detection and control of node data are managed. IP, IPSEC, ICMP, BGP, OSPF, RIP, BOOTP, DHCP, ZIP, DDP, X.25, NAT and IGMP
Fragmentation
High performance WAN protocol designed for use across ISDN interfaces. Is fast but has no error correction, supports multiple PVCs, unlike X.25, packet switched technology that provides CIR, requires DTE/DCE at each connection point
Frame Relay
Over a public switched network. High Fault tolerance by relaying fault segments to working.
Frame Relay WAN
The entire range of available frequencies is employed, but only one frequency at a time is used.
FHSS: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
a secure connection to another network
Gateway
T1 speed over two copper cable pairs up to 12,000 feet
HDSL, High Rate Digital Subscriber Line
extension to SDLC also for mainframes. Uses data encapsulation on synchronous serial links using frame characters and checksums. Also data link layer High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) - Defines electrical and physical interfaces to use for DTE/DCE communications. Physical layer of OSI
HDLC, High-level Data Link Control
interception and take over of a communication session by an attacker
Hijacking
Layer 3 (Transport)
Host to Host
layer 1 network device that is used to connect network segments together, but provides no traffic control
Hub
Connect multiple LAN devices into a concentrator. Is actually a multi-port repeater (physical)
HUBS
May be software defined, but it could also use traditional network devices running as virtual machines
Hypervisor-based Network
an attack technique that exploits systems that do not perform input validation by embedding partial SQL queries inside input
Injection
combination of digital telephony and data transports. Overtaken by xDSL, not all useable due to “D Channel” used for call management not data
ISDN, Integrated Services Digital Network
unauthorized access of information (e.g. tapping, sniffing, unsecured wireless communications, emanations)
Interception
Layer 2 (corresponds to OSI network layer) Defines the IP datagram and handles routing of data across networks
Protocols: IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP
Internet
Sends messages between network nodes regarding the health of the network. Also informs about rerouting in case of errors. Utility PING uses these messages to check physical connectivity of the network machines
IPX, Appletalk, and NetBEUI are non-IP protocols
ICMP, Internet control message protocol
? is global, ? is local for use within companies and ? can be used e.g. by your customers and clients but is not public.
Internet, Intranet, Extranet
z-All hosts have an IP address. Each data packet has an IP address of sender and recipient. Routing in network is based upon these addresses. Datagram service is considered unreliable because there’s no guarantee that the packet will be delivered, not even that its delivered only once and no guarantee that its delivered in the same sequence that its sent
32 bits long, IPv6 is 128 bits long
Internet Protocol
Converged protocol that allows location-independent file services over traditional network technologies. Cost less than Fiber. Standard for linking data storage sites
iSCI, Internet Small Computer Interface
a networking storage standard based on IP. This technology can be used to enable location-independent file storage, transmission, and retrieval over LAN, WAN, or public Internet connections.
It is often viewed as a low-cost alternative to Fibre Channel.
iSCSI, Internet Small Computer System Interface
forging of an IP address
IP address spoofing
an attack that breaks up malicious code into fragments, in an attempt to elude detection
IP fragmentation
z-Operates at Network Layer of OSI
Enables multiple and simultaneous tunnels
Encrypt and authenticate
Build into IPv6
Network-to-network use
Creates a private, encrypted network via a public network
Encryption for confidentiality and integrity
IPSEC
Encryption via Tunnel mode (entire data package encrypted) or Transport mode (only datagram encrypted)
Only works with IP at Network layer of OSI NON IP-sec compatible
IPSEC Compatible
PRI (Primary Rate Interface) bandwidth of 1.544 Mbps, faster than BRI’s 144 Kbps
ISDN
Fifth generation: Application level Firewall Runs in windows NT, modular, kernel based, multiplayer session evaluation. Uses dynamic TCP/IP stacks to inspect network packages and enforce security policies.
Kernel Proxy Firewall
z-Cisco developed its own VPN protocol called which is a mutual authentication tunneling mechanism.
It does not offer encryption. It was not widely deployed and was soon replaced by L2TP. Both operate at layer 2. Both can encapsulate any LAN protocol.
L2F, Layer 2 Forwarding
z-Also in data-link layer of OSI
Single point-to-point connection per session
Dial-up network use
Port 115
Uses IPsec
L2TP, Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
Remote access, multi layer switch that connects LANs over a WAN
LAN extenders
Involves sending a spoofed TCP SYN packet (connection initiation) with the target host’s IP address and an open port as both source and destination.
The reason this attack works is because it causes the machine to reply to itself continuously.
Land Attack
Client/server based directory query protocol loosely based upon X.500, commonly manages user information, for accessing directory services and manage certificates Ex. Active Directory, cn=ben+ou=sales
Zero or more, comma separated, no semi-colon, + to join
LDAP, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Cisco proprietary protocol to handle problems with TKIP, security issues don’t use. Provides reauthentication but was designed for WEP
LEAP, Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol
created for use with X25, defines frame types and is capable of retransmitting, exchanging and acknowledging frames as detecting out of sequence or missing frames
LAPB, Link Access Procedure-Balanced
Limited geographically to e.g. a building. Devices are sharing resources like printers, email and files. Connected through copper wire or fiber optics.
LAN, Local Area Network
Flow control and error notification
Logical Link Control Sub layer
hardware address of machine, can tell manufacturer,
MAC, Machine Access Control
network extends over cities
MAN, Metropolitan Area Network
z-Physical addressing. Concerns frames, logical topologies and MAC-addresses
Protocols: L2F, PPTP, L2TP, PPP, SLIP, ARP, RARP, SLARP,
IARP, SNAP, BAP, CHAP, LCP, LZS, MLP, Frame Relay, Annex
A, Annex D, HDLC, BPDU, LAPD, ISL, MAC,
Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI
Media Access Control layer
All nodes interconnected
MESH
Involves the transmission of messages from node-to-node. Messages are stored on the network until a forwarding path is available.
Message switching networks
high frequency, highly directional radio signals. Attackers target interception attempts at transmission and relay stations.
OSI Layer 1->Wireless
Microwave
a device that converts between digital and analog representation of data
Modems
a type of attack involving attempted insertion, deletion or altering of data
Modification
provides authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and nonrepudiation
MOSS, MIME Object Security Services
Source packet is copied and sent to multiple destinations
Multicast
Allow encryption at various layers, support a range of protocols at higher levels. Bad – conceal covert channels, filters can be bypassed, sometimes logical boundaries can be bypassed
Multilayer Protocols
a device that sequentially switches multiple analog inputs to the output
Multiplexers
high performance networking, uses path labels instead of network addresses, wide area networking protocol, label switching, finds final destination and then labels route for others to follow
MPLS, Multiprotocol Label Switching
Layer 1 (Data link, Physical)
Routines for accessing physical networks and the electrical connection
Network access
Protocol that supports file sharing between two different file systems
Network File System
z-C, AU, I
Path selection and logical/network addressing.
Technology: Virtual circuits (ATM), routers. Packets
Example: router
Network Layer 3
z-Developed by Department of Defense in the 1970s to support the construction of the internet
HINT: AHIN
Network layers TCP/IP Model
Ability to access resources from another service
OAuth
a mail server that improperly allows inbound SMTP connections for domains it does not serve
Open mail relay servers
z-Routing protocol short path
Open Shortest Path First
Paired with OAuth is a RESTful, JSON-based authentication protocol can provide identity verification and basic profile information, phishing attack possible by sending fake data
OpenID
Default, stores user PW in the clear
OpenLDAP
employs a digital multicarrier modulation scheme that allows for a more tightly compacted transmission. The modulated signals are perpendicular and thus do not cause interference with each other.
OFDM, Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
a denial of service attack that exploits packet filter firewalls that only inspect the initial fragment of a fragmented packet
Overlapping fragment attack
a basic level of network access control that is based upon information contained in the IP packet header
Packet filtering
First generation (static) AKA screening router Examines source/destination address, protocol and ports of the incoming package. Based on ACL’s access can be denied or accepted. Is considered a firewall and operates at Network or Transport layer of OSI
Packet filtering firewall
Sits between trusted and un-trusted network, sometimes used as boundary router. Uses ACL’s. Protects against standard generic external attacks. Has no user authentication, has minimal auditing.
Packet filtering routers
Nodes share bandwidth with each other by sending small data units called packets. Packets will be send to the other network and reassembled. Data oriented. Sensitive to loss of data. More cost effective than circuit switching because it creates virtual circuits only when they are needed.
PSN or PSDN, Packet switched networks
layer 3/4 : use rules based on a packet’s source, destination, port or other basic information to determine whether or not to allow it into the network.
Packet-filtering firewalls
Provides identification and authentication of the user using static replayable passwords. No encryption of user-id or password during communication
PAP, Password Authenticate Protocol
sends PW unencrypted
PAP, Password Authentication Protocol
provides a physical cross connect point for devices
Patch panels
is a telephone exchange for a specific office or business
PBX, Private Branch Exchange
Provides encryption for EAP methods and can provide authentication, does not implement CCMP, encapsulates EAS in a TLS tunnel
PEAP
Provides authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and nonrepudiation
PEM
like a dedicated leased line; the logical circuit always exists and is waiting for the customer to send data. Like a walkie-talkie
PVC, Permanent virtual circuits
a social engineering attack that uses spoofed email or websites to persuade people to divulge information
Phishing
z- C
Physical signaling. Coverts bits into voltages or light impulses. Electrical, Hardware and software drivers are on this level. It sends and receives bits.
Repeaters, hubs, cables, USB, DSL, ISDN, ATM
Physical topologies: BUS, MESH, STAR, TREE, RING
Physical Layer 1
unauthorized access of network devices
Physical tampering
improvement on slip, adds login, password and error (by CHAP and PAP) and error correction. Data link.
PPP, Point to Point Protocol
Most common, used for dial up connections, replaced SLIP
PPP, Point to Point Protocol
Host can only transmit when he polls a secondary to see if its free
Polling
802.1x, can be used with EAP
Port Based Authentication
z-Works at data link layer of OSI
Only one single point-to-point connection per session
Point To Point protocol (PPP) for authentication and tunneling
Dial-up network use
Does not support EAP
Sends initial packets in plaintext
PPTP, Point to Point tunneling protocol
z-C, AU, Encryption
Translations like EBCDIC/ANSI; compression/decompression and encryption/decryption. Uses a common format to represent data, Standards like JPEG, TIFF, MID, HTML; Technology: Gateway.
Messages
Presentation Layer 6
mediates communication between un-trusted hosts on behalf of the hosts that it protects
Proxies
Form of gateway that provide clients with a filtering, caching, or other service that protects their information from remote systems
Proxy
PVCs
z-Private Virtual Circuits
z-Provides terminal sessions w/out
RDP
layer 1 network device that is used to connect network segments together, but provides no traffic control (a concentrator).
Repeaters
Incoming calls are only allowed from specific addresses on an approval list. This authenticates the node, not the user!
Restricted Address
When a hardware address is known but the IP address has to be found. (like an diskless machine)
Switches, bridges, hardware addressing
Reverse address resolution protocol
Workstations are connected to form a closed loop
RING
unauthorized wireless network access device
Rogue access points
a layer 3 device that used to connect two or more network segments and regulate traffic
Routers
Used to reset or disconnect a session, resumed by restarting the connection via a new three-way handshake
RST flag
Used for signed and encrypted emails, can form sign, and use as part of a SSO solution
S/MIME Certificates
a specialized wireless receiver/transmitter placed in orbit that facilitates long distance communication
OSI Layer 1->Wireless
Satellite
Has both a packet-filter router and a bastion host. Provides both network layer (package filtering) as application layer (proxy) server.
Screened-Host firewall system
Copy actual screen, subset of remote control
Screenscraper
z-Unique approach to network operation, design, and management. Aims at separating the infrastructure layer (i.e., hardware and hardware-based settings) from the control layer (i.e., network services of data transmission management). Furthermore, this also removes the traditional networking concepts of IP addressing, subnets, routing, and so on from needing to be programmed into or be deciphered by hosted applications. Offers a new network design that is directly programmable from a central location, is flexible, is vendor neutral, and is open-standards based.
SDN, Software Defined Network
Symmetric up to 10,000 feet over single copper cable pair
SDSL, Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Authentication for credit card transactions. Overtaken by SSL
Also uses message authentication code for integrity checking.
Secure Electronic Transaction
Authentication, compression, confidentiality and integrity.
Uses RSA certificates for authentication and triple DES for encryption
Secure Shell
Encryption technology to provide secure transactions like credit card numbers exchange. Two layered: record protocol and handshake protocol. Same as SSH it uses symmetric encryption for private connections and asymmetric or public key cryptography for peer authentication.
Secure Socket Layer
z-The first line of protection between trusted and untrusted networks. Generally includes a firewall and router that help filter traffic. May also include proxies, IDSs, and IPSs.
Zero Day – application white list
Security Perimeter
An attack involving the hijacking of a TCP session by predicting a sequence number.
Sequence Attacks
z- – None
Inter-host communication, logical persistent connection between peer hosts, a conversation, simplex, half duplex, full duplex. Protocols as NSF, SQL, RADIUS, and RPC. Protocols: PAP, PPTP, RPC Technology: Gateway
Examples: DNS, NFS
Session Layer 5
Enclosure of electronic communication devices to prevent leakage of electromagnetic signals.
Shielding
Encrypting HTTP documents. Also overtaken by SSL
SHTTP
Provides high availability in encrypted sessions to protect against crashes. Exchanges keys on a session by session basis.
Simple Key Management for Internet Protocols
Email queuing. Port 25
SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer protocol
Collection of network information by polling the devices from a management station. Sends out alerts –called traps- to an database called Management Information Bases (MIBs)
SNMP, Simple Networking Management Protocol
Identify areas where wireless network may be accessible
Site Survey
A Denial of Service attack initiated by sending spoofed ICMP echo request to IP broadcast addresses
Smurf
Has also defined a De-Militarized Zone (DMZ) : a small network between trusted an untrusted
Screened-subnet firewalls
an attack involving the hijacking of a TCP session by predicting a sequence number
Sequence attacks
eavesdropping on network communications by a third party
Sniffing
Every workstation gets some Socks software to reduce overhead
Socks firewall
defined and configured as code or software, quickly change the network based on organizational requirements
SDN, Software designed networking
Protocol for sending multiple optical streams over fiber
SONET
a vulnerability in IP that allows an attacker to dictate the path of a communication and thereby access an internal network
Source routing exploitation
unsolicited commercial email
Spam
T-1 – 1.544 Mbps,
T-3 – 44,736 Mbps (45)
ATM – 155 Mbps,
ISDN – 64 or 128 Mbps
CAT 3 UTP; 10 Mbps,
CAT 5;100 Mbps
CAT 5e/6 – 1,000 Mb
Speeds
Spam over Internet Telephony and targets VoIP systems
SPIT attacks
Normally disabled for secure networks
SSID
Isolated system
Stand-alone Mode
Nodes are connected to a central LAN device
STAR
Third generation: (also known as Dynamic) All packages are inspected at the Networking layer so it’s faster. By examining the state and context of the data packages it helps to track connectionless protocols like UDP and RPC. Analyzed at all OSI Layers.
Stateful inspection firewall
Layer 7 : have access to information such as; conversation, look at state table and context of packets; from which to make their decisions.
Stateful packet filtering firewalls
z- Layer 3
Static Packet Firewall
Logical division of a network
SUBNET
Made up of two or more networks
Supernet
high speed communication over public switches networks for exchanging
‘bursts of data’ between enterprises
SMDS, Switched Multimegabit DATA Service
more like a shortwave or ham radio. You must tune the transmitter and receiver to a new frequency every time you want to communicate with someone.
SVC, Switched Virtual Circuit
a layer 2 device that used to connect two or more network segments and regulate traffic
Switches
hardware and software architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single, shared main memory, have full access to all I/O devices, and are controlled by a single operating system instance that treats all processors equally, reserving none for special purposes.
SMP, Symmetric Multiprocessors
a denial of service attack that floods the target system with connection requests that are not finalized
SYN flooding
Very high speed governed by electronic clock timing signals
Synchronous
created by IBM for mainframes to connect to their remote offices. Uses a polling media access method. Works with dedicated leased lines permanent up.Data link layer of OSI model
SDLC, Synchronous Data Link Control
eavesdropping on network communications by a third party
tapping
mitigation of spamming and other attacks by delaying incoming connections as long as possible
Tar pits
SYN, SYN-/ACK, ACK
Protocols: TCP, UDP, SSL, SSH-2, SPX, NetBIOS, ATP
TCP Three-way Handshake
a denial of service attack that exploits systems that are not able to handle malicious, overlapping and oversized IP fragments
Teardrop
Terminal emulation enables user to access resources on another machine. Port 23
Telnet
a codename that refers to the study and mitigation of information disclosure via electromagnetic emanations from electronic equipment
TEMPEST
10Base5, coax up to 500 meters
Thicknet
10base2 with coax cables up to 185 meters
Thinnet
z-Design separates distinct protected zones and can be protected by a single firewall that has multiple interfaces
Tiers
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol, uses RC4
TKIP
Used in token rings, Hosts can only transit when they receive a clear to send token. DATA NETWORK TYPES
Data Link->Traffic Control
Token passing
IBM created. All end stations are connected to a MAU Multi Access Unit. CAU: Controlled Access Units – for filtering allowed MAC (Extended Unique Identifier) addresses.
Token Ring IEEE 802.5
z-Reliable, sequences and works with acknowledgements. Provides a manageable data flow to avoid congestions overloading and data loss. (Like having a telephone conversation with someone). Connection Oriented.
User UDP, Datagram protocol – unreliable, scaled down version of ?, no error correction, no sequencing. Less overhead. (Like sending a letter to someone). Connectionless.
Transmission control protocol
z- C, AU, I
End-to-end data transfer services and reliability. Technology:
Gateways. Segmentation, sequencing, and error checking at this layer. Datagrams
Examples: TCP which uses IP in network layer, UDP, SSH
Transport Layer 4
encrypt and protect transactions to prevent sniffing while data is in transit along with VPN and IPsec
most effective control against session hijacking
ephemeral session key is used to encrypt the actual content of communications between a web server and client
TLS - MOST CURRENT not SSL!!!
Transport Layer Security
Bus type with multiple branches
TREE
Stripped down, can only send/receive but not browse directories. No authentication thus insecure. Port 69
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
a simple, inexpensive cabling technology consisting of two conductors that are wound together to decrease interference
OSI Layer 1->Physical->Wired
Twisted pair
z-Uses the 802.11x specification to create a wireless LAN
Types of Wireless Networks
Packet is sent from single source to single destination
Unicast
lightweight service for connectionless data transfer without error detection and correction
UDP, User Datagram Protocol
10BaseT=10MBps
100baseT=Fast Ethernet =100MBps
1000BaseT=Gigabit Ethernet=1GBps
Ethernet networks were originally designed to work with more sporadic traffic than token ring networks
UTP
Valid Subnet Masks
255, 254, 252, 248, 240, 224, 192, 128
13-52 MBps down,
1,5-2,3 Mbps upstream
over a single copper pair
over 1,00 to 4500 feet
VDSL, Very High speed Digital Subscriber Line
Created by dynamically building a secure communications link between two nodes, using a secret encapsulation method via network address translation (NAT) where internal IP addresses are translated to external IP addresses. Cannot double NAT with the same IP range, same IP address cannot appear inside and outside of a NAT router.
VPN, Virtual Private Networks
a protocol for the efficient transmission of voice over the Internet
Voice over Internet Protocol (IP) (VoIP)
Hardware or software to create secure tunnels
VPN Devices
WAF
Web Application Firewall
Multi-port networking devices that are used in carrier networks. Connect private data over public data by using digital signals. Data link layer.
WAN switches
reconnaissance technique, involving automated, brute force identification of potentially vulnerable modems
War dialing
searching for wireless networks in a moving car
War driving
wireless local area network technology specified in the 802.11 sub group A, B, G, or N
OSI Layer 1->Wireless
Wi-Fi
“Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access” (IEEE 802.16) is a specification for wireless Metropolitan Area Networks that provides an alternative to the use of cable and DSL for last mile delivery
WI-MAX
Connects LANS over a large geographical area
WAN, Wide Area network
Uses WAP to link wireless clients to a wired network
Wired Extension Mode
Wireless speeds
Wi-Fi 6E (802.11ax), Max Linkrate = 600 to 9608 Mbit/s, Adopted = 2020, Frequency = 6 GHz
Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax), Max Linkrate = 600 to 9608 Mbit/s, Adopted = 2019, Frequency = 2.4/5 GHz
Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac), Max Linkrate = 433 to 6933 Mbit/s, Adopted = 2014, Frequency = 5 GHz
Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n), Max Linkrate = 72 to 600 Mbit/s, Adopted = 2008, Frequency = 2.4/5 GHz
(Wi-Fi 3)* 802.11g, Max Linkrate = 6 to 54 Mbit/s, Adopted = 2003, Frequency = 2.4 GHz
(Wi-Fi 2)* 802.11a, Max Linkrate = 6 to 54 Mbit/s, Adopted = 1999, Frequency = 5 GHz
(Wi-Fi 1)* 802.11b, Max Linkrate = 1 to 11 Mbit/s, Adopted = 1999, Frequency = 2.4 GHz
(Wi-Fi 0)* 802.11, Max Linkrate = 1 to 2 Mbit/s, Adopted = 1997, Frequency = 2.4 GHz
Uses TKIP for data encryption
WPA
Based on 802.11i, uses AES, key management, reply attack protection, and data integrity, most secure, CCMP included, WPA2 ENTERPRISE Mode - uses RADIUS account lockout if a password-cracker is used
WPA2
Defines point-to-point communication between Data terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE)
X25
Digital subscriber Line uses telephone to transport high bandwidth data to remote subscribers
xDSL
organizations should not automatically trust anything inside or outside its perimeters and instead must authenticate and verify all subjects, objects, and actions before granting access
zero trust
OSI Layer 1
Physical - Responsible for transmission of bits. Implemented primarily through hardware. Encompasses signaling method, electrical and mechanical interfaces
Devices = access point, concentrator/patch panel, hub, multiplexers, modem, repeater
Protocol = EIA-TIA 534
Security Protocol =
Attacks = Physical
OSI Layer 2
Data Link = responsible for error-free, reliable, transmission of data. Flow control, error detection and correction, retransmission. Uses MAC addresses.
Devices = bridge, switch
Protocol = X.25, Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), DOCSIS, Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), Generic MPLS
Security Protocol =
Attacks = Physical
OSI Layer 3
Network = Transport of information. Abstraction of routing information. Not needed on direct links.
Devices = router
Protocol =
Routing->Authenticated(BGP, OSPF)
Routing->Unauthenticated(Routing Information Protocol, RIP, routing table compromise)
Network->Internet Protocol (IP)->IPv4
Network->Internet Protocol (IP)->IPv6
Network->Not answers->IPX (Novell), DRP (DECnet), DDP, (AppleTalk), CLNP (ISO)
Testing->Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Multicast->Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP)
Tunneling -> Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
Tunneling-> Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
Security Protocol = IPSec
Attacks =
Integrity =
port scanning (scanning tool, FIN NULL XMAS scanning, source routing exploitation, syn scanning)
session hijacking (tcp sequence number attacks, sequence attacks)
IP address spoofing,
ping scanning,
traceroute exploitation
Confidentiality =
source routing exploitation,
eavesdropping
Availability =
ICMP redirect attacks,
denial of service/distributed denial of service (syn flooding, smurf, fraggle),
ping of death,
IP fragmentation attacks (overlapping fragment attack, teardrop)
OSI Layer 4
Transport = Connection, Connectionless, 3-way handshake, Exchange of data between end systems, error free, in sequence, no losses, no duplicates, quality of service
Devices =
Protocol =
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
SPX -> old, not answer for exam
Security Protocol =
Attacks =
Integrity =
port scanning (scanning tool, FIN NULL XMAS scanning, source routing exploitation, syn scanning)
session hijacking (tcp sequence number attacks, sequence attacks)
IP address spoofing,
ping scanning,
traceroute exploitation
Confidentiality =
source routing exploitation,
eavesdropping
Availability =
ICMP redirect attacks,
denial of service/distributed denial of service (syn flooding, smurf, fraggle),
ping of death,
IP fragmentation attacks (overlapping fragment attack, teardrop)
OSI Layer 5
Session = control of dialogues between applications, dialogue discipline, recovery, sockets/winsock
Devices =
Protocol =
Remote Procedure Call (RPC),
Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP),
SOCKS (Internet socket)
Security Protocol =
Attacks = application buffer overflows
OSI Layer 6
Presentation = Data conversion. Character Code Translation. Compression. Encryption and Decryption.
Devices =
Protocol =
CODEC (Compression/Decompression)
Compression formats (Video [jpeg, h.261], Audio [mpeg, g.711]),
Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
Security Protocol =
Attacks = application buffer overflows
OSI Layer 7
Application =
Asynchronous messaging (e-mail and news, Simple mail transfer protocol, Post office protocol, Internet message access protocol, Network news transfer protocol)
Instant messaging (Open protocols, applications and services, proprietary application and services)
Data exchange (world wide web, file transfer protocol, trivial file transfer protocol, hypertext transfer protocol, passive and active content [activex, java, javascript])
Administrative services (Simple network management protocol v3, RMON by Cisco)
Remote access services (RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, Telnet Terminal emulation protocol, Remote login [rlogin], remote shell [rsh], remote copy [rcp])
Devices =
Protocol =
Security Protocol =
Attacks = application buffer overflows
when an adversary drains a client node’s battery by sending a constant series of management messages to the subscriber station/mobile subscriber (SS/MS)
Water torture attack
ports
FTP: 20/21
SSH: 22
Telnet: 23
SMTP: 25
DNS: 53
HTTP: 80
POP3: 110
NTP: 123
Windows File Sharing: 135, 137-139, 445
HTTPS: 443
LPR/LPD: 515
Microsoft SQL Server: 1433/1434
Oracle: 1521
H.323: 1720
PPTP: 1723
RDP: 3389
HP JetDirect printing: 9100
