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A-Level History: Age of the Crusades - The Origins of Conflict and the First Crusade > Crusading and the Crusader States 1097-1131 > Flashcards

Crusading and the Crusader States 1097-1131 Flashcards

1
Q

Kilij Arslan

A

The Turkish Sultan of Rum. His Seljuk forces were defeated at Nicaea in 1097 and again at Dorylaeum

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2
Q

Danishmends

A

A rival Turkish dynasty that Kilij Arslan was at war with in Anatolia in 1097. This benefited the crusade

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3
Q

Nicea

A

The first target of the First Crusade. The city surrendered to the Byzantines, and the crusaders felt betrayed

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4
Q

Tacticus

A

Alexius’s general and representative on the First Crusade. He served as a guide/diplomat in Anatolia and led a small force with the crusade to Antioch.

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5
Q

Dorylaeum

A

The site of a major battle and victory for the First Crusaders in Anatolia in July 1097. It demonstrated Bohemond’s skill.

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6
Q

Cilicia

A

Tancred and Baldwin traveled here during the First Crusade and virtually fought each other for control of its cities.

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7
Q

Cyprus

A

The First Crusade benefited from supplies from this Byzantine territory during the siege of Antioch.

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8
Q

Antioch

A

The siege of this city took ten months and almost destroyed the First Crusade. It was finally given to Bohemond, causing Byzantine fury and the end of Alexius’s support for the First Crusade

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9
Q

Ridwan and Duqaq

A

These brothers and rulers of Aleppo and Damascus failed to unite against the First Crusade and attacked separately whilst the crusaders besieged Antioch.

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10
Q

Kerbogha

A

The ruler of Mosul. He led a combined Muslim force to Antioch during the First Crusade. It was defeated partly through internal disunity among his men.

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11
Q

Fatimids

A

These Shia Muslims attempted to form an alliance with the First Crusaders against the Seljuks.

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12
Q

Jerusalem

A

This place was disputed between Turks and Fatimids and had recently been recaptured by the latter. This helped the First Crusade to take it.

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13
Q

Siege Engines

A

The construction and coordinated use of these demonstrated military skill and were vital to the capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade.

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14
Q

Holy Lance

A

This so-called relic was found in Antioch and played a massive role in raising crusader morale during the First Crusade.

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15
Q

Adhemar

A

The religious unity he provided was key to the cooperation of the First Crusaders. His death at Antioch was followed by much disunity.

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16
Q

Ordinary Crusaders

A

The religious conviction of these people carried the First Crusade forward when the leaders were divided at Antioch and Maarat.

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17
Q

Nizam al-Mulk

A

The vizier and chief advisor of Malik Shah. His death in 1092 (at the hands of the Assassins) crippled the Seljuk Empire.

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18
Q

Badr al-Jamali

A

The capable Fatimid vizier who died very shortly after his master in 1094.

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19
Q

Musta’li and Nizar

A

The sons of al-Mustansir who fought for the Fatimid throne after their father, al-Mustansir’s, death in 1094.

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20
Q

Baldwin I

A

He massively extended the Kingdom of Jerusalem, conquered much of the coast between 1100 and 1118, allied with Italian city-states, and constructed castles.

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21
Q

Tancred

A

The regent of Antioch until 1112. He extended the principality’s territory during Bohemond’s captivity.

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22
Q

Antioch Dispute

A

Continued disputes over this place deprived the Crusader states of Byzantine support. It was also the focus of the greatest Muslim threat.
Aleppo - This North Syrian city threatened A

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23
Q

Aleppo

A

This North Syrian city threatened Antioch. It was ruled by Ridwan, Il-Ghazi, and then Balak.

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24
Q

Field of Blood

A

This massive Muslim victory by Il-Ghazi in 1119 was a huge setback to Antioch. Baldwin II was forced to intervene to save the city.

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25
Baldwin II
This ruler from 1118 to 1131 increased the stability of Jerusalem by making laws and ensuring secure succession.
26
County of Tripoli
The last of the Crusader States to be founded.
27
Acre
The capture of this port city by Baldwin I (with Genoese aid) in 1104 was of great significance.
28
Scandalion
A castle constructed by Baldwin I to menace Tyre and cut it off by land.
29
Montreal
A castle constructed by Baldwin I to extend his authority over trade routes between Egypt and Syria.
30
Tyre
This port city was conquered in 1124 with the aid of Venice, reducing the power of Fatimid fleets
31
Italian City-States
These were vital in providing naval support that allowed the conquest of the Levantine coast.
32
Military Orders
These included the Hospitallers and Templars. They played an increasingly important military role but were of early use in generating financial aid.
33
Minor Crusades
These were sporadic and unreliable but of some aid. The Norwegian crusade of 1107-1110 helped to capture Sidon (1110).
34
Fatimids (2)
These Shia Muslims invaded repeatedly (at the battles of Ramlah) but were driven back. Their navy posed the biggest threat. The continued division between them and the Turks was helpful to the Franks.
35
Assassins
This renegade group of fanatical Shia Muslims inadvertently aided the Franks by killing many prominent Sunni leaders such as Aqsunqur in 1126.
36
1st Battle of Ramlah
In September 1101 Baldwin I defeated the Fatimids
37
2nd Battle of Ramlah
Baldwin I was defeated by the Fatimids in May 1102 partially due to the overconfidence off the Franks. He narrowly escaped capture
38
3rd Battle of Ramlah
Baldwin I was victorious at this in August 1105 after defeating the Fatimid army
39
Beirut
This would be added territory of Jerusalem in 1110, again with the help of the Genoese
40
Mawdud
The atabeg of Mosul from 1109 to 1113 who launched several unsuccessful attacks against the Franks. He allied with Damascus in 1113 but was then killed by the Assassins
41
Al-Sannabra
A military victory in 1113 for the combined forces of Mawdud of Mosul and Tughtegin of Damascus against the Kingdom of Jerusalem
42
Council of Nablus
This established many of the laws in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Many concerned the intentions of Muslims and the Franks
43
Knight Templar
These were established in 1119 by Hugh de Payens to protect Christian pilgrims, especially on the road from Jaffa to Jerusalem
44
Knights Hospitaller
They developed in 1113 from a pre-Crusades organisation dedicated to healing sick pilgrims. They later developed a military aspect
45
Toron
A castle built in 1105 by Baldwin I on the road between Damascus and Tyre to put pressure upon the latter
46
Tughtegin
The ruler of Damascus from 1104 to 1128. He opposed the crusader states until 1115 and then allied with the forces of Jerusalem against the forces of the sultan
47
Tell Danith
Roger of Antioch defeated Bursuq's invading Seljuk army, sent by the sultan, in 1115. Roger had forged a temporary alliance with Tughtegin and Il-Ghazi
48
Il-Ghazi
The Turkish Artuqid ruler of Mardin from 1107 and Aleppo from 1117. He allied with Muslims but also Franks. In 1115 he allied with Roger of Antioch against Bursuq, but in 1119 he defeated and killed him at the Field of Blood
49
Bursuq
The ruler of Hamadhan in Iran that the sultan had ordered to reconquer Syria and Palestine in 1115. He was resisted by Turks and Franks alike
50
Balak
The ruler of Aleppo from 1122. He captured Baldwin II but was killed in 1124 fighting his own followers before he could relieve Tyre from the Franks
51
Al-Afdal
The highly capable vizier of Fatimid Egypt. He was murdered in 1121 and the Assassins were held responsible
52
1101 Crusade
It was diverted in Anatolia by a failed attempt to rescue Bohemond and a unified host of Turks led by Kilij Arslan largely destroyed it at Mersivan
53
Fulk of Anjou
He arrived in Outremer in 1120 with a hundred knights and remained there for a year assisting in the defence of the crusader states
54
1120-24 Crusade
Pope Calixtus II launched this in response to the Field of Blood. It was dominated by the Venetians and assisted in the capture of Tyre in 1124
55
Cour de la Fonde
A court established to deal with the issues between Franks and non-Franks. It heavily favoured the Franks and no Muslims were included in its composition
56
ra'is
The Muslim headsman of a village. It was he who was put in charge of overseeing local justice and reporting to the Frankish lord when necessary
57
Poll tax
A tax of 1 dinar and 5 qirats plus the yield of up to half their crops was paid by all non-Frankish subject peoples, Christian and Muslim alike
58
Maronites
These Christians in the county of Tripoli and the northernmost parts of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. They eventually came to accept communion with Rome
59
Armenians
They were numerous in the states of Antioch and Edessa. They had their own church liturgy but forged generally good relations with the Franks
60
Jacobites
Followers of the Syrian Orthodox Church that had broken away from Constantinople in the fifth century. Their relations with the Franks were generally amicable
61
'Syrians'
Arabic-speaking Greek Orthodox Christians were the largest of the indigenous Christians. They were in communion with Constantinople and saw the Byzantine emperor as their protector
62
Harmonious relationship
The pre-1950s interpretation that the Franks and that Muslim populations of Outremer co-existed together in a just and peaceful manner
63
Segregation
The 1950s interpretation of Smail and Prawer that the FRanks of Outremer were concentrated in towns and Muslims in rural areas and were separated
64
Selective settlement
Ellenblum's interpretation that the FRanks did live in rural areas as well as urban sites but these were near indigenous Christian settlements
65
Yibneh
A Famimid invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was defeated by the forces of Eustace Grenier, the constable, in May 1123 as Baldwin II was in captivity
66
Azaz
The site of a major victory for Baldwin II in 1125 against the forces of Aqsunqur and Tughtegin of Damascus
67
November 1129
At this time, Baldwin II led an unsuccessful Frankish/Crusader siege of Damascus, which the Templars joined
68
Ibn al-Khashshab
An Aleppan Sunni preacher who inspired the Muslim troops before Il-Ghazi's victory at the Field of Blood in 1119. In 1125 the assassins killed him
69
Pilgrims
A major source of income for the crusader states. It was important for both religious and economic reasons that they were protected
70
Easter 1119
A large group of three hundred Christian pilgrims were massacred by Muslims at this time, contributing to the Templars' foundation
71
Anjou
A force of one hundred knights led by the ruler of this French county, Fulk, arrived in Outremer to fight Muslims for one year in 1120
72
Aqsunqur
This ruler of Mosul was killed by the Assassins in 1126 shortly after being made ruler of Aleppo
73
Bohemond II
Bohemon's son. He took over control of Antioch in 1126, marries Alice of Jerusalem and had a daughter, Constance. He then died in battle in 1130
74
Rainald Mazoir
The governor the Fulk imposed upon Antioch after the death of Bohmand II to restore order and undermine Alice

A-Level History: Age of the Crusades - The Origins of Conflict and the First Crusade (4 decks)

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