crusading and the crusader state 1095-1124 Flashcards
how was crusading successful between 1096 and 1124
🛡 First Crusade (1097-1099):
Recaptured Nicaea (1097) and much of Anatolia for Byzantium.
Conquered Edessa (1097), Antioch (1098), and Jerusalem (1099) from Muslim control.
Liberated Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre (1099), allowing pilgrim access.
Established four Crusader States (Jerusalem, Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli) between 1099-1109.
⚔ Later Crusading Efforts (1101-1124):
Crusade of 1101: Helped capture Tortosa and fought at Ramlah (1102) and Jaffa against the Fatimids.
Norwegian Crusade (1107-1109):
Defeated Muslims at Sintra, Lisbon, Alkasse (1108).
Captured Formentera, Ibiza, Minorca (1109), encouraging the Catalan-Pisan conquest (1113-1115).
Assisted in capturing Sidon (1110).
Venetian Crusade (1123-1124):
Destroyed a Fatimid fleet (1123).
Played a key role in capturing Tyre (1124).
how was crusading unsuccessful between 1096-1124
⚔ People’s Crusade (1096):
Stirred anti-Semitism in Europe, leading to pogroms in Germany, against papal wishes.
Poor conduct towards Hungarians and Byzantines.
Destroyed by Kilij Arslan’s Seljuk Turks at Civetot (1096).
⚔ First Crusade & Aftermath:
Antioch (1098): Crusaders refused to return it to Alexios I, straining Byzantine relations.
⚔ 1101 Crusade (Failure):
Large force destroyed at Mersivan (1101) by the Turks.
William of Nevers’ army crushed at Ereghli (1101); Aquitanians and Bavarians also defeated.
Little achieved despite large numbers, discouraging future Latin Christian support.
⚔ Bohemond’s Crusade (1107-1108):
Targeted the Byzantines, worsening relations.
Defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Devol, surrendering Cilicia and becoming a Byzantine vassal.
Tancred rejected the treaty, worsening Byzantine relations further.
⚔ Norwegian Crusade (1108-1109):
Attacked Christians at Santiago de Compostela (1108).
Did not attack Muslims in Majorca (1109).
⚔ Venetian Crusade (1122-1123):
Failed to capture Corfu (1122/23), further straining Byzantine relations.
how was Baldwin I a successful leader
👑 Political & Population Strategies:
Married Arda (1097), an Armenian princess, to secure local support in Edessa.
Invited Syrian Christians to Jerusalem to replenish its population after the 1099 massacre.
⚔ Military Victories & Conquests:
Captured Arsuf & Caesarea (1101) with Genoese fleet support.
Defeated Fatimids at First Battle of Ramlah (1101).
Captured Acre (1104) with Genoese help.
Won Third Battle of Ramlah (1105) against the Fatimids.
Captured Beirut (1110) with Genoese aid.
Captured Sidon (1110) with Venetian & Norwegian support.
🏰 Castle Building & Territorial Expansion:
Built Toron Castle (1105) to secure the road between Damascus and Tyre.
Led arbitration at Tripoli (1109), forcing Tancred to relinquish his claim.
Assisted Tancred in besieging Shaizar (1111).
Defended Edessa from Mawdud of Mosul.
Built Montreal Castle (1115) after an expedition into Oultrejordain.
Built Scandalion Castle (1117) near Tyre, still under Muslim control.
How was Baldwin I unsuccessful leader
⚔ Military Defeats & Failures:
Defeated by the Fatimids at the Second Battle of Ramlah (1102).
Failed to capture Acre in 1103 (though succeeded in 1104).
Failed to capture Shaizar (1111) with Tancred.
Unsuccessful siege of Tyre (1112).
Defeated at Al-Sannabra (1113) by a Seljuk Turkish army.
💔 Marriage Controversies & Political Fallout:
Forced wife Arda into a convent (1105).
Married Adelaide of Sicily (1112) for her wealth & military support but was accused of bigamy.
Annulled the marriage (1117), causing Norman Sicily to cut off aid for 30 years.
👑 Succession Crisis:
Died without a clear heir, leaving the Kingdom of Jerusalem politically unstable.
how was Baldwin II a successful leader
✅ Political & Legal Leadership:
Married Morphia (1101) to secure an alliance with Armenian nobility.
Established the legal system of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Council of Nablus, 1120).
Ensured succession: Named Melisende as heir & arranged her marriage to Fulk of Anjou (1129).
✅ Military Successes:
Forced a Seljuk Turk army to back down without battle (1118).
Helped Antioch recover after the Field of Blood (1119), driving out the Seljuks.
Defeated Seljuks at Hab (1119) with Pons of Tripoli.
Though captured (1123), his government remained strong—Eustace Grenier defeated the Fatimids at Yibneh (1123).
Captured Tyre (1124) with Venetian aid while still in captivity.
how was Baldwin II a unsuccessful leader
❌ Captured Twice:
1104 (Harran): Captured while Count of Edessa.
1123: Taken prisoner after trying to aid Joscelin I of Edessa (who was captured in 1122).
