crusades 25 markers Flashcards
byzantine weakness in years 1071 to 1095
defeat at manzikert
internal developments
external threats
how significant was manzikert
significant
nomads got possession of towns they never would’ve had otherwise
greek landlords fled
islamic faith prioritised
loss of manpower (armenians)
physiological and spiritual effects
anatolia became a waste land and native population fled
justified intervention from the west
not
no more than 8000 casualties
only cost them 20% of their military strength
manpower quickly made up by recruitment of natives and professional recruits
byzantines didn’t see it as a huge deal - just gods punishment for their sins
loss of anatolia had little to do with battles and conquest
number of casualties seems to have been exaggerated
rearguard and reserve units under andronikos doukas escaped entirely
left wing back in battle a year later
sultan realeased Romanus
sultan preoccupied elsewhere and made no demands regarding byzantine territory
reasons for failure of peoples crusade
lack of military skill and poor tactics
conflict with byzantines and hungarians
fragmented nature of the crusade
why people went on the first crusade
religious devotion
feudal/ social obligation
economic motivation
why latin christians participated in conflicts against muslims (1071-1099)
economic gain
religious duty / sanctified violence
feudal and social obligation
why did urban II launch the first crusade
aid byzantium eastern christians
recapture jerusalem and divert christian violence (religious reasons)
enhance papal authority
objectives of the papacy
independence and investiture
improve relations with byzantium
papal dominance over secular authority
why first crusade was successful
pre-existing muslim divisons
crusader unity and leadership
religious zeal
how successful was crusading between 1095 and 1124
nature or the relationship of the franks with indigenous population
integration
toleration
segregation
greatest problem for the crusader states
hostile neighbours
frankish divisions
lack of manpower
failures of crusading
latin institutions in supporting outremer
castles
military orders
the latin church
why were the military orders established
religious role in outremer
military needs of the crusader states
needs of individual knights/lay piety
why did latin christians fight muslims between 1095 and 1124
feudal/social obligation
religious devotion
economic devotion
why did the crusader states prosper between 1099 and 1124
muslim disunity
leadership of franks
external support
why were latins successful against muslim opponents between 1097 and 1124
strong latin leadership
muslim disunity
external support
why did the second crusade fail
lack of clear aims and poor leadership
lack of byzantine support
growing muslim unity
why did people go on second crusade
feudal pressures
religious reasons
social pressures
impact of failure of second crusade
impact on support from latin west
on relations with byzantium
on crusader states and muslim near east
why did you edessa fall in 1144
long term growing muslim threat
immediate events in 1144
weakness of outremer and christian divisions
why we’re relations between latins and byzantines poor by 1149
long term events
events of second crusade
conflict with emperor John II
consequences of muslim victory at FOB
Involvement of other crusader states in antioch
growing muslim threat
external responses
latin west support of crusader states between 1119 and 1149
intermarriage
military orders
crusading
why did eugenius III call for second crusade
weakness of crusader states
fall of edessa
reassertion of papal control of crusading
