Crude Oils And Fuels

Question 1

What is crude oil made up of?

Answer 1

It is a mixture of a very large number of compounds

Question 2

How are things separated by fractional distillation?

Answer 2

Each compound in the crude oil vaporises and condenses at different temperatures, so they are separated.

Question 3

What compounds are in crude oil?

Answer 3

Mostly saturated hydrocarbons called alkanes

Question 4

What is crude oil used for?

Answer 4

To produce fuels and chemicals and it has a limited resource

Question 6

What gases are released when fuels are burnt?

Answer 6

Carbon dioxide, water vapour, carbon monoxide, sulfer dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the atmosphere.

Question 7

What happens in the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels?

Answer 7

They release energy and during the combustion the carbon and hydrogen fuels are oxidised

Question 8

What are some bad things that gases cause?

Answer 8

Suffer dioxide causes acid rain
Carbon dioxide causes global warming
Solid particles cause global dimming

Question 9

How are biofuels produced?

Answer 9

From plant material

Question 10

Advantages of biofuels

Answer 10

Produce less greenhouse gases than fossil fuels when burnt
Are alternative sources to fossil fuels
May not produce any particulates like soot

Question 11

Disadvantages of biofuels

Answer 11

High cost of production
Shortage of food
Industrial pollution- dust and noise pollution

Question 12

What is cracking?

Answer 12

When hydrocarbons are broken down smaller more useful molecules. This involves heating large alkanes with a catalyst or steam and hot temperature decomposes to make the hydrocarbon smaller molecules, alkenes.

Question 13

Examples of alkanes:

Answer 13

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

Question 14

Examples of alkenes:

Answer 14

Ethene

Propene

Question 15

How do you express a double bond?

Answer 15

=

Question 16

What is the test the presence of double bonds?

Answer 16

Bromine water turning from orange to colourless

Question 17

How do you make polymers?

Answer 17

Many small molecules join together to form very large molecules

Question 18

How is ethanol produced?

Answer 18

By fermentation with yeast, using renewable sources

Sugar=carbon dioxide + ethanol

Question 19

How do you extract vegetable oil?

Answer 19

The plant material is crushed and the oil is removed by pressing or distillation. Water and other impurities are removed

Question 20

Why is vegetable oil better to cook with than water?

Answer 20

Because it has a higher boiling point so it can cook food at higher temperatures

Question 21

What is an emulsion?

Answer 21

They are thicker than oil or water hand have many uses that depend of their special properties.

Question 22

What are emulsifiers?

Answer 22

They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. This causes them to join oils and water together.

Question 23

How is unsaturated vegetable oil hardened to make margarine?

Answer 23

By reacting them with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst at about 60 degrees C.

Question 24

What are the layers of the earth?

Answer 24

Core
Mantle
Crust

Question 25

What is Wegener’s theory?

Answer 25

Continental drift
Evidence- same species in different continents
No believed because- no evidence and people believed the creation theory

Question 26

How do convection currents occur in the mantle?

Answer 26

Heat is released by natural radioactive processes that cause the plates to move at relative speeds of a few cm per year

Question 27

Why and how was the earths atmosphere different 200 million years ago?

Answer 27

The earth used to be a lot hotter so when it cooled plates were formed on the surface and there were less volcanoes because the plates solidified. Water vapour condensed which made in oceans, carbon dioxide dissolved into the oceans to get locked up carbon dioxide in sedimentary rocks . Plants also absorbed lots of the carbon dioxide there less carbon dioxide in air and more oxygen and volcanoes gave out nitrogen.

Question 28

What is a disadvantage to polymers?

Answer 28

They are often hard to dispose of. However, biodegradable ones offer some solutions to these problems