crude oil, fuels and organic chemistry Flashcards
what is crude oil
a finite resource found in rocks, formed over millions of years from the remains of simple marine organisms
it contains a complex mixture of hydrocarbons
what are the processes in the fractional. distillation of crude oil
the crude oil mixture is put into the fractionating column at the bottom and he dead
The hydrocarbons evaporate and rise at the column
As the hydrocarbons rise, they eventually reach a fraction which is cool enough for them to condense back into a liquid
Mitchell left in the bottom which does not evaporate at all it’s called bitumen
what are fractions in fractional distillation
fractions contain mixtures of hydrocarbons (alkanes) with similar boiling points
what are the trends in properties of fractions with increasing chain length
boiling and melting points increases viscosity increases flammability increases volatility increases their colour darkens their usefulness as fuel decreases
what is the economic importance of the oil industry
Oil companies set the price of oil so there is an influence globally on the economy – it can be hard for poor countries to buy oil
wars or internal crisis within the country that produce oil can affect the flow of oil to other countries which they sell to
what is the political importance of the oil industry
Countries that are large producers of oil can essentially cut off all the supplies to other countries
This is used as a political tool
what is the social impact of the oil industry
the oil industry supplies jobs and money to the economy
what are the environmental impacts of the oil industry
burning fossil fuels release large amounts of carbon dioxide side, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change
Oil spillages into the ocean result in the death of marine life and birds and are often dealt with by setting them alight
Building of power stations and the process of drilling for oil causes damage to the landscape and loss of habitats
what are the combustion reactions of hydrocarbons
When hydrocarbon to be in plenty of oxygen it will come past as follows:
hydrocarbon + oxygen
—> carbon dioxide + water
When hydrocarbons being with insufficient oxygen it will come past as follows:
Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water
what is the combustion reaction of hydrogen and what are its uses
hydrogen burns in oxygen and forms water
hydrogen is used as a fuel in rockets and some cars
what are the advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel
no greenhouse gases are produced in the combustion of hydrogen
an alternative fuel option as current fuels are running out
what are the disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel
hydrogen is extremely flammable
most of hydrogen produced comes from the fossil fuels or electrolysis so it still has a negative impact on the environment
hard to store and transport - must be cooled to very low temperatures so it liquifies for storage and transport
what is the fire triangle
a symbol that contains 3 things needs for a fire to burn: oxygen, fuel and heat
removing any of these will cause the fire to stop burning, so knowledge of the fire triangle can be used to prevent and put out fires
what is hydrocarbon cracking
breaking long chain hydrocarbons down into shorter and more useful chains
what are the products of hydrocarbon cracking
alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons called alkenes
alkenes are monomers that are used to make plastics
what is the general formula of alkanes
Cn H2n +2
what is the general formula of alkenes
Cn H2n
what are some examples of simple alkenes
methane - CH4 ethane - C2H6 propane - C3H8 butane - C4H10 pentane - C5H12
what are some examples of simple alkanes
ethene - C2H4
propene - C3H6
butene - C4H8
what is isomerism
when two compounds have the same molecular formula (same number and type of each atom) but their structures differ is some way
what is isomerism in alkanes
the main carbon chain length differs but the molecule still has the same number
what is isomerism in alkenes
the position of the double bond in the molecules can differ but the molecular structure stays the same
how do you name complex alkanes and alkenes
Locate the longest continuous linear chain carbon atoms
Number the carbon atoms from the end closest to a functional group or branch point
Alphabetically Leicester functional groups attached to the carbon chain and stay at the cabin number the group is attached to me
Put up a band count the position of the double pump accounting bonds not carbon atoms
what are the addition reactions
reactions in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger one with no other products
what is the test for alkenes
bromine in water is an orange solution and when shaken with an alkene bromine water will decolourise as the bromine reacts with the alkene to form substituted alkanes - this is an addition reaction
what is addition polymerisation
Alkanes can be used to make polymers
Polymers a large
molecule is made up of repeating units called monomers
Alkanes can be polymerised because they have double bond that open up to connect to other alkene
monomers in a chain
Example: polyethene is formed from ethene monomer
what are the uses of polyethene
bin liners
plastic bottles
hoses and tubes
plastic bags
what are the uses of poly(propene)
plastic for cars
packaging
textiles
what are the uses of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
water pipes
electrical wires
window panes
medical tubing and IV bags
what are the uses of poly(tetrafluoroethene)
PTFE
coating non-stick pans
nail polish
coating hair straighteners and curlers
what are the general properties of polymers
thermosoftening polymers melt when heated and can be remoulded and reshaped
thermosetting polymers do not melt when heated
high-density polymers tend to be harder and stronger than low density polymers
what are the environmental issues relating to the disposal of plastics
plastics are non-biodegradable
increasing pressure on landfill sites for waste disposal
what are methods for disposing plastics
landfill sites
incineration disposal - however this releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas
recycling - this manages the other issues of disposal, provides jobs and helps preserve the non-renewable source of crude oil
how is ethanol produced
the fermentation of sugar using yeast - the enzymes in the yeast catalyse the reaction
glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide
what is the test for alcohol
add a few drops of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate solution to the sample
gently heat
if alcohol is present the solution will change from orange to green
what are the uses of ethanol
found in alcoholic drinks
as a fuel
as a solvent - it dissolves a large number of substances easily
what are the social impacts of alcoholic drinks
bad for health and causes a number of illnesses including liver disease, cancers and cardiovascular problems
it can increase the number of violent fights and other crimes
what are the economic impacts of alcholic drinks
the alcohol industry provides jobs
costs the economy due to healthcare and police costs from alcohol-related issues
what are the advantages of using ethanol as a fule
it is a carbon neutral fuel - no net addition of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
good fuel alternative for countries without their own crude oil supply
renewable source - made from sugar cane
what are the disadvantages of using bioethanol as a fuel
Energy is needed in growing sugar canes, distillation and transport of ethanol which will require the burning of fossil fuels so it will still cause global warming
Engine must be altered before they can use bioethanol as fuel
Can cause deforestation to provide land for growing sugarcane
Using food as fuel can increase food prices
Some areas of the world and not hot enough and do not have enough light hours in the day to be able to completely switch to biofule
how do you name alcohols
The suffix -ol which is preceded by the number of the cup and the hydroxyl (OH) functional group is attached to
If there are multiple alcohol functional groups the suffix becomes –diol, –triol, –tetrol
what are the potential isomers of alcohols
Isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
This means isomers of alcohol have the same molecular formula but the -OH alcohol group is positioned at a different carbon atom thus giving the compound a different structural formula
what is the microbial oxidation of ethanol
When ethanol is oxidised it forms ethanoic acid, a carboxylic acid which has the functional group -COOH
The oxidation can be carried out by microbes
other alcohols can undergo microbial oxidation to form carboxylic acids
An oxygen atom is gained and hydrogen atoms are reduced
what is infrared spectroscopy
graphs
A experimental technique that can be used to work out the structure of a compound or molecule
When infrared light is shone at a compound, its bonds absorb some of the infrared light
Different font absorbed at different frequency of infrared light
By identifying different peaks, functional groups in the compound can be identified
