Cross-Sectional Studies

Question 1

cross-sectional studies are ______ studies.

Answer 1

observational

Question 2

determine strength of evidence

Answer 2

3rd strongest observational study design

Question 3

cross-sectional study

Answer 3

observational studies that capture health/disease and exposure status at the same time

a prevalence study

Question 4

called cross-sectional because …. ?

Answer 4

info gathered respresents what is occurring at a point in time or time frame

across a large population

acquired w/o regard for exposure/disease status

a snap shot in time of all elements

Question 5

_________ or a subset is selected for the study.

Answer 5

entire population

Question 6

focuses simultaneously on …..?

Answer 6

• disease
• pop. characteristics
• exposures
• health status
• health care use

Question 7

cross-sectional studies are seeking ______ not _____.

Answer 7

associations

causations

Question 8

thru repetition in different time periods, cross-sectional studies can be used to measure _______.

Answer 8

changes/trends in the population

Question 9

cross-sectional studies are useful for generating ?

Answer 9

hypotheses

Question 10

cross-sectional studies are typically ?

Answer 10

national surveys or databases

capturing different aspects of the population

Question 11

2 cross-sectional approaches

Answer 11

1. collect data on every member of a population

2. take a sample of population and generalize to entire pop.

Question 12

when is approach 1 of cross-sectional studies used most?

Answer 12

at city/state level

Question 13

when is approach 2 of cs studies used most?

Answer 13

at national level

Question 14

2 common broad approaches to collecting info for cs studies

Answer 14

1. questionnaires/surveys

2. physical assessments

Question 15

many u.s. cs studies are survey-based products of ?

Answer 15

NCHS
national center for health statistics

division of cdc

Question 16

strengths of cross-sectional studies

Answer 16

1. quicker, easier–data already collected
2. less expensive
3. can be analyzed like cc or cohort
4. useful for prevalence rates
5. can answer questions about many exposures or diseases w/ same data

Question 17

weaknesses of cross-sectional studies

Answer 17

1. prevalent cases may be survivors
2. difficult to study rare diseases
3. cannot show incidence rate
4. cannot determine temporal associations

Question 18

list the 5 examples of cross-sectional surveys from NCHS

Answer 18

1. NHANES
2. NHIS
3. NAMCS
4. NHCS
5. BRFSS

Question 19

NHANES

Answer 19

national health and nutrition examination survey

Question 20

NHIS

Answer 20

national health interview survey

Question 21

NAMCS

Answer 21

national ambulatory medical care survey

Question 22

NHCS

Answer 22

national hospital care survey

Question 23

BRFSS

Answer 23

behavioral risk factor surveillance system

Question 24

nhanes purpose

Answer 24

–assesses the health and nutritional status of adults and children on national level

Question 25

nhanes data

Answer 25

• -live interviews/exams
• -demographics, socioeconomics, dietary
• -medical, dental, physio

Question 26

nhanes subjects

Answer 26

uses a sample of u.s. to generalize to entire nation

oversample >60, blacks, Hispanics

Question 27

nhanes timeline

Answer 27

start in January and work their way across the nation

worry about selection bias

Question 28

nhis purpose

Answer 28

• -principal source of info

- -for health of the civilian, non-institutionalized population (hospitalized)

Question 29

nhis data collection

Answer 29

• -collected via a personal household interview

- -consisting of a broad range of health topics

Question 30

nhis data questions

Answer 30

• -set of nonchanging core questions

- -supplemental Q’s that change as public health data needs changes

Question 31

nhis subjects

Answer 31

uses a sample of u.s. to generalize to entire pop.

Question 32

nhis has a central role in other surveys such as ?

Answer 32

1. nsfg
2. namcs, nhcs

national survey of family growth

Question 33

nhis bias

Answer 33

participation bias (let researchers in home, willingness to answer truthfully)

Question 34

namcs purpose

Answer 34

• -national survey used to assess use of ambulatory medical services
• -includes emergency office based settings that are primarily engaged in direct patient care

Question 35

namcs data

Answer 35

–based on a sample of visits to office based settings that are primarily engaged in direct patient care

non-federal
non-institutional

Question 36

nhcs purpose

Answer 36

• -combined national survey
• -describes national patterns of healthcare delivery in non-federal hospitals

ex. death rates, discharges, visits to er, ambulatory surgery

Question 37

nhcs data

Answer 37

• -integrates 3 previous cs surveys
  1. nhds
  2. nhamcs
  3. dawn

Question 38

nhds

Answer 38

national hospital discharge survey

Question 39

nhamcs

Answer 39

national hospital ambulatory medical care survey

Question 40

dawn

Answer 40

drug abuse warning network

Question 41

brfss bias

Answer 41

selection bias (who will answer the phone and answer questions)

Question 42

brfss purpose

Answer 42

• -state based telephone health surveys

- -collects info on health risk behaviors, preventative health practices, access to health care

Question 43

brfss data

Answer 43

• -monthly collection
• -only adults
• -telephone interviews
• -youth brfss done in schools