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PSY1011 > Cross-Cultural Psychology > Flashcards

Cross-Cultural Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three hypotheses that explain the origins of culture?

A
  • Terror management theory
  • The creation of a shared reality
  • An unintended by-product of interpersonal interaction
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2
Q

What is nationality?

A

Defines the political entity to which a person owes loyalty

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3
Q

What is race?

A

Some form of inherited physical make-up

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4
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

A person’s historical group origins

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5
Q

What is socialisation?

A

Deliberate shaping of an individual’s cultural self

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6
Q

What is enculturation?

A

The process of learning about and participating in a culture

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7
Q

True or False: culture is a term used to describe the group of people we are related to

A

False

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8
Q

True or False: you can understand a person’s ethnicity most effectively by knowing what experiences and behaviours are linked to it

A

True

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9
Q

True or False: enculturation is a process whereby a group deliberately teaches children and adolescents what the culture expects of them

A

False

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10
Q

True or False: it is possible for a person to belong to more than one culture

A

True

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11
Q

What is cross-cultural psychology?

A

The comparative study of behaviour in different cultures

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12
Q

What are the theoretical issues of cross-cultural psychology?

A

Absolutism
Relativism
Universalism

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13
Q

What is absolutism?

A

The assumption that psychological phenomena are the same across all cultures, and so culture plays little or no role in the meaning or display of human characteristics

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14
Q

What is relativism?

A

The assumption that all human behaviour is culturally patterned. Human diversity is explained in terms of the culture in which a person has developed, and is assessed using the values and meanings a cultural group gives to phenomena.

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15
Q

What is universalism?

A

The assumption that the basic psychological processes are common to the human species but culture influences the development and display of behaviour.

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16
Q

True or False: the approach to culture which assumes that all psychological processes are common to all human beings is called relativism

A

False

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17
Q

What is acculturation?

A

The process of adapting to a culture other than the one originally identified with

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18
Q

What are sojourners?

A

People who join a cultural group for a fixed period of time that is not seen to be permanent

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19
Q

What are cultural syndromes?

A

The clusters of attitudes, values, customs and practices that characterise a culture

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20
Q

What are Hofstede’s 5 value dimensions?

A 
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Individualism-collectivism
Masculinity-femininity 
Long- vs short-term orientation
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21
Q

What is the power distance value dimension?

A

Ways of dealing with equality

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22
Q

What is the uncertainty avoidance value dimension?

A

The degree of tolerance of the unknown

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23
Q

What is the individualism-collectivism value dimension?

A

The degree of integration of individual’s within groups

24
Q

What is masculinity-femininity value dimension?

A

Differences in the social roles of women and men

25
Q

What is the long- vs short-term orientation value dimension?

A

The degree to which delayed gratification of material, social and emotional needs is encouraged

26
Q

What are the different types of acculturation?

A

Integration
Assimilation
Separation
Marginalisation

27
Q

What is integration?

A

A form of acculturation where the old culture is valued as well as the new

28
Q

What is assimilation?

A

A form of acculturation where the new culture is valued but not the old

29
Q

What is separation?

A

A form of acculturation where the old culture is valued but not the new

30
Q

What is marginalisation?

A

A form of acculturation where neither the new culture nor the old is valued

31
Q

What is culture shock?

A

The stressful and uncomfortable experience of encountering another culture

32
Q

What are the symptoms of culture shock?

A
  1. Strain due to the effort required to make the necessary psychological adaptations
  2. A sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in regard to friends, status, profession and possessions
  3. Being rejected by and/or rejecting members of a new culture
  4. Confusion in role, role expectations, values, feelings and self-identity
  5. Surprise, anxiety, even disgust after becoming aware of cultural differences
  6. Feelings of impotence due to not being able to cope with the new environment
33
Q

What are the phases of culture shock?

A

Honeymoon
Crisis
Recovery
Adjustment

34
Q

What is the honeymoon phase of culture shock?

A

The initial reactions of euphoria, enchantment fascination and enthusiasm

35
Q

What is the crisis phase of culture shock?

A

Feelings of inadequacy, frustration,anxiety and anger

36
Q

What is the recovery phase of culture shock?

A

A period of crisis resolution and cultural learning

37
Q

What is the adjustment phase of culture shock?

A

The reflective enjoyment, and functional competence in, the new environment

38
Q

What is the U-shaped hypothesis?

A

The idea that acculturation starts with positive experiences, proceeds to negative and then returns to being positive over a course of time

39
Q

What is culture learning?

A

Acquiring an understanding of, and an ability to share in, the riles and conventions of a culture

40
Q

What is a locus of control?

A

The extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishes lie inside or outside of their control

41
Q

True or False: people who tend to stay with the American employer for much of their working life display low uncertainty avoidance

A

False

42
Q

True or False: assimilation occurs when a person values the cultural identity of a country they have moved to, and no longer values that of their former country

A

True

43
Q

True or False: a migrant who feels confused about their role and identity in their new country could be experiencing culture shock

A

True

44
Q

True or False: culture competency often results from learning about appropriate work and social skills that are needed in a new culture

A

True

45
Q

What is multicultural?

A

The existence of features of more than one culture in a group or an activity

46
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

Set of social and political policies that maintain a multicultural society

47
Q

What is cultural distance?

A

The degree of similarity of values, attitudes, customs and practices between people of different cultures.

48
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Regarding one’s in-group more favourably than their out-groups

49
Q

What is the social identification theory?

A

An explanation of how individuals and groups enhances their own self-esteem

50
Q

What is racism?

A

A form of discrimination based on the actual or perceived race of another person or group

51
Q

What is racial socialisation?

A

The process of educating and training people about the nature and consequences of racism

52
Q

True or False: Commonwealth multicultural policy includes the freedom for all Australians to live their lives in any way they choose

A

False

53
Q

True or False: cross-cultural research has allowed us to map the complete cultural psychology of many refugees and migrant groups

A

False

54
Q

True or False: psychologists are now working with other professionals to develop culturally appropriate health services in Australia

A

True

55
Q

True or False: current psychological research into prejudice pays a great deal of attention to contemporary sociopolitical attitudes

A

True

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