cross-cultural psychology Flashcards
what are the 3 main questions of cultural psychology?
- Are Western psychological theories valid in other cultures?
- Are their psychological constructs that are culture specific?
- How can we evolve psychology’s universal relevance?
what is ‘culture’? how does it relate to psychology?
Set of cognition and practices that characterise a social group and distinguish it from others. Reciprocal processes between psychological processes and cultural values - they shape each other.
explain the difference between the values of individualist and collectivist cultures
- INDIVIDUALIST VIEW – independent-autonomous self driven, clear personal boundaries. Thoughts, feelings and attributes are less affected by our social contexts but rather internal characteristics
- COLLECTIVIST VIEW – interdependent-flexible livelihoods diffuse boundaries between self and others. Relationships are tied together and individuals are more responsive to their social contexts
perception due to culture: what is attribution bias?
the tendency to under-emphasize situational and environmental explanations for an individual’s observed behaviour while overemphasizing dispositional and personality-based explanations) and correspondence bias
culture and aggression: conformity and aggression cross-cultural research
- variation of asch’s conformity study - meta-analysis bu Smith&Bond found that conformity was stronger outside western europe and north america
- in some culture s it’s traditional for me to be aggressive - ‘culture of honour’
culture and aggression: cultural differences in values research
Hofsteded 1980 – questionnaire to 117k managers in 40 countries
o Tested five dimensions in ppt – power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and femininity, individualism and collectivism, and time perspective (prospects for the future)
o Found that it’s not as simple as merely ‘east vs west’ people scored differently on different factors – even if they were from an individualist or collectivist cultures
Fiske, Kityama, Marcus and Nisbett (1998) categorised nations into three different groups in terms of values, what are they?
o Western European – individualist and egalitarian
o Eastern European – individualist and hierarchical
o Asian – collectivist and hierarchical
contact between cultures: what is acculturation?
Acculturation – the process of internalising rules and behaviours of another culture (Berry et al 1986)
contact between cultures: what is acculturated stress?
Acculturated stress – when you feel torn between your home and new culture, or struggle to adapt the values of your new/old cultural context
contact between cultures: what are the four ways people can respond to new cultures?
marginalisation
separation
assimilation
integration
contact between cultures: what is marginalisation?
- low dominant culture + low home culture
- marginalisation - when we don’t affiliate with home or dominant culture which can cause high levels of distress
contact between cultures: what is separation?
- low dominant culture + high home culture
- separation - when you have high affiliations with your home culture, and are struggling to adapt to your new cultural context. ‘missing home’
contact between cultures: what is assimilation?
- high dominant culture + low home culture
- assimilation - completely losing touch with out home culture and embracing the values of your new cultural context
contact between cultures: what is integration?
- high dominant culture + high home culture
- integration - high affiliations with both home and dominant culture. Most positive reactions to cultural contact as the person successfully embraces the characteristics of both cultures with ease
what is indigenous psychology?
Indigenous Psychology – a psychology created by and for a specific cultural groups based on the claim that a culture can only be understood within its own perspective (Hogg, Vaughn, 2014)
