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International Management > Cross Cultural Management > Flashcards

Cross Cultural Management Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what cultural awareness is!

A
  • being aware of cultural differences

–> is the first step towards a successful international business relationship

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2
Q

Describe 3 roles of Cultural differences within international business!

A
  • contributes to the complexity of international business
  • displays barriers to FDI and international trade
  • arise in relations between domestic firms and foreign
    stakeholders (ex. ThyssenKrupp & main stakeholder)
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3
Q

Name 5 functions of culture

A
  1. ) Orientation
  2. ) Motivation
  3. ) Order
  4. ) Identity
  5. ) Meaning & Signification
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4
Q

Name 5 different levels of culture

A
  1. ) Corporate Culture
  2. ) Gender Culture
  3. ) Country Culture
  4. ) Industry Culture
  5. ) Hierarchy Culture
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5
Q

What is the significance to culture and its persistence through generations?

A
  • Culture can only be LEARNED by passing down from
    one generation to the next
  • Culture can only be specific to GROUPS or
    CATEGORIES
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6
Q

Name 7 elements of culture!

A
  1. ) Language
  2. ) Religion
  3. ) Values
  4. ) Customs
  5. ) Education
  6. ) Aesthetics
  7. ) Myths/Legends
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7
Q

Explain what part of culture affects the Reasons For specific Behaviour?

A
  • Mental Culture

- -> Ex.: Norms/Values/Taboos

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8
Q

Explain what part of culture affects the actual Behaviour?

A
  • Social Culture

- -> Ex.: Attitudes/Customs/Social Structure

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9
Q

Explain what part of culture is responsible for the Results Of Behaviour?

A
  • Material Culture

- -> Ex.: Architecture/Clothes/Tools

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10
Q

Name all 5 of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

A
  1. ) Power Distance
  2. ) Uncertainty Avoidance
  3. ) Masculinity
  4. ) Individualism vs. collectivism
  5. ) Short-term vs. Long-term orientation
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11
Q

Name 4 forms of organisational cultures and explain how they are affected by cultural dimensions of different countries?

A
  1. ) Well Oiled Machines (Germanic Organisations)
    • rules are clear and at place
    • little interference through management
      - -> High UA/Low PD
  2. ) Village Market (Anglo-Saxon Organisations)
    • no hierarchy or rules
    • demand of situation determines outcome
      - -> Low UA/Low PD
  3. ) Pyramid of People (French Organisations)
    • strong hierarchies
      - -> High UA/High PD
  4. ) Family (Asian Organisations)
    • owner/manager is grandfather
    • highest respect to elderly
      - -> Low UA/High PD
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12
Q

Name the 7 dimensions in Trompenaars’ cultural model

A
  1. ) Universalism vs. Particularism (rules)
  2. ) Individualism vs. Communitarianism
  3. ) Neutral vs. Affective (emotions)
  4. ) Specific vs. Diffuse (assignment of responsibilities)
  5. ) Achieved vs. Ascribed (status)
  6. ) Sequential vs. Synchronic (time)
  7. ) Internal vs. External (control)
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13
Q

What does the GLOBE study stand for?

A 
G - Global
L - Leadership 
&
O - Organisational 
B - Behaviour
E - Effectiveness
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14
Q

What are the 9 dimensions of the GLOBE study?

A
  1. ) Uncertainty Avoidance
  2. ) Power Distance
  3. ) Collectivism 1: Societal Collectivism
  4. ) Humane Orientation
  5. ) Gender Egalitarianism
  6. ) Assertiveness
  7. ) Future Orientation
  8. ) Collectivism 2: In-Group Collectivism
  9. ) Performance Orientation
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15
Q

In which countries are the levels of UA higher than they should be and in which countries are they lower than they should be?

A

Higher than necessary –> Western European Countries (Ex.: Germany, Switzerland, Austria)

Lower than necessary –> Eastern European, Asian & South American Countries (Ex.: Russia, India, Argentina)

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16
Q

What are the 4 dimensions that Gesteland’s model evolves around?

A
  1. ) Relationship focus vs. Deal focus
  2. ) Indirect vs. Direct language
  3. ) Formal vs. Informal business culture
  4. ) Monochronic vs. Polychronic time
17
Q

Name 2 countries that represent each side of Gesteland’s first dimension and explain why!

A

Relationship focus –> JAPAN
- importance of personal relationship an face to face
communication

Deal focus –> USA

- focus on business straight away
- impersonal and contract based approach
18
Q

Name countries that use indirect or direct language and characterise them!

A

Indirect Language –> JAPAN

- high context culture
- importance of symbolism and saving face

Direct Language –> USA

- low contect culture
- clear and straight forward communication
19
Q

Name countries that have formal/informal business cultures and characterise them!

A

Formal business culture –> Europe/Asia/Latin Am./Arab

- large importance of hierarchies
- big PD

Informal business culture –> North America/ Scandinavia

- focus on equality 
- small PD
20
Q

Name countries that follow monochronic time and countries that follow polychronic time

A

Monochronic –> Europe, North America

- focus on punctuality
- time as commodity

Polychronic –> Latin America, Asia, Arab

- time is manipulatible
- relationships more important than time
21
Q

What are Gesteland’s 2 iron rules in international business

A
  1. ) Seller is expected to adapt to buyer

2. ) Visitor is expected to observe local customs

22
Q

What are the 3 types of interpersonal communication in regards to Gesteland’s Nonverbal Business Behaviour?

A

1.) Verbal communication (spoken words & their meaning)

2.) Paraverbal language (meaning of spoken
volume/ silence / conversational overlap)

3.) Nonverbal communication (body language –>
symbols)

23
Q

Characterise expressive cultures (Latin American) in regards to Gesteland’s Paraverbal Negotiating Behaviour!

A
  • Verbal Volume
    • -> raise of voice to emphasise point
  • Silence
    • -> feel uncomfortable with silence
  • Conversation overlap
    • -> interruptions normal part of conversations
24
Q

Characterise reserved cultures (Germanic/East Asian) in regards to Gesteland’s Paraverbal Negotiating Behaviour!

A
  • Verbal Volume
    • -> soft & controlled tone
    • -> loud voice - sign of anger
  • Silence
    • -> feel comfortable with silence
    • -> feel no need for unnecessary babbling
  • Conversation overlap
    • -> Interruptions considered as being rude
25
Q

What are the 4 key elements of Gesteland’s Nonverbal Negotiating Behaviour (include examples)?

A

1.) Proxemics (spatial behaviour)
- spatial distance in Arab/Latin Am. cultures smaller
than in Europe/North Am.

  1. ) Haptics (touch behaviour)
    • different in all countries (handshaking customs vary)

3.) Oculesics (gazing behaviour)
- expressive cultures –> eye contact critical
- reserved cultures –> direct eye contact -> maybe
discomfort

4.) Kinesics (gestures/body movement)
- expressive cultures –> emphasis verbal message with
facial expression and bodily gestures
- reserved cultures –> poker face & little body
movement

International Management (7 decks)

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