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Crops Flashcards

0
Q

Grass tolerance to poor drainage

A 
Decreases as follows
Reed Canary 
Tall fescue
Smooth brome grass
Orchardgrass
Timothy
Alfalfa
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1
Q

Small grain tolerance to poor drainage

A 
Decreases as follows
Rye
Oats
Wheat
Barley
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2
Q

Corn water requirement

A

15-18 inches
Most sensitive to drought 2wks before silking to 3 weeks after (July to early august)
Drought here can reduce grain yields by 50% and silage by 35-50%
Wet July usually results in high yields

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3
Q

Soybean water requirement

A

15-18 inches

Most drought sensitive during pod and seed fill (August). Can reduce yield by 50% with a dry august

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4
Q

Cool temps during grain fill

A

Can increases yield by extending the grain fill time

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5
Q

Fall harvest management alfalfa

A

6-7 weeks rest between second to last and last harvest of the season

6-8 inches of regrowth before a killing frost

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6
Q

Half milk line occurs at what DM

A

35% DM

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7
Q

Soybean maturity groups grown in northern ny and New England

Central ny

A

Northern: groups 0, 1
Central: groups 1,2,3(if planted early)

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8
Q

Forage GDD calculation

A

Use base 41 degrees F

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9
Q

What temp to plant corn

A

45-50

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10
Q

What temp to plant soybeans

A

50-55

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11
Q

Silage rate compares to grain corn rate

A

Plant About 4,000more kernels per acre for silage

Final stands 3,500 more

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12
Q

Alfalfa NDF CP

A

NDF 38%

CP 19-20%

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13
Q

Pure grass
NDF
CP

A

NDF: 50%
CP: 17-18%

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14
Q

Corn Silage
NDF
CP
Starch

A

NDF: low 40% range
CP: 8%
Starch: low 30% range

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15
Q

Small grain yield if harvest for forage at mid-boot stage

A

About 40% lower than if harvest at dough grain stage

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16
Q

Acid tolerant crops

A

Rye and oats can grow well at pH 5.5-6.0

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17
Q

Acid sensitive crops

A

Barley, wheat, soybeans, corn require pH above 6.2 for max yield

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18
Q

Cool season grass

Water requirement

A

Twice that of warm season grasses

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19
Q

Water requirements for forage grasses

A

Critical at establishment

NOT critical at reproductive stages

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20
Q

Corn and wheat can tolerate standing water at this growth stage

A

Flowering and beyond

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21
Q

Soybean sensitive to poor drainage

A

Early in the season

During flowering bc N fixation is affected

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22
Q

Alfalfa pH

A

6.6-7.0

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23
Q

Barley

Birdsfoot trefoil pH

A

6.3-6.5

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24
Q

Clovers
Corn
Grasses
Oats pH

A

5.8-6.2

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25
Q

Soybean pH

A

6.6-7.0

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26
Q

Wheat pH

A

6.3-6.5

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27
Q

Water needs of a crop

A

Bell shaped curve
Increasing through reproductive development (silking, heading out)
Decreasing during grain fill

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28
Q

Full stand of alfalfa

A

4 live plants per square foot

Or 40+ shoots

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29
Q

Length of growing season in northeast

30
Q

Corn and soy optimum temps

A

86 max

Base 50

31
Q

Corn and Soy GDD

A

GDD= ((high of the day+low of the day)/2) -50

Max= 86
Min=50

32
Q

Sunny weather

Dry weather

A

Speeds maturity

33
Q

Cloudy weather

Wet weather

A

Slow maturity

34
Q

Forages GDD

A

Base 41

Count after 5 consecutive days above 41

35
Q

Birdsfoot trefoil

A

Low accumulation of root reserves

Can persist under frequent, but not close, grazing better than alfalfa or red clover

36
Q

Red clover

A

Short lived perennial,
Acts as biennial in NE

Drought tolerant

37
Q

Fall tillage best on

A

Heavy clay loams with minimum slope that are typically too wet to work in the spring

38
Q

Spring tillage dis and adv

A

Too wet
Secondary tillage leaves soil more susceptible to crusting

Loosens soil, seedbed in good condition for 1-2 months
Less erosion potential than fall tillage

39
Q

Reduced/chisel/ conservation tillage must have _% residue to meet standard

A

30% residue

40
Q

Certified seed purpose

A

Ensures varietal identity

Evaluates seed purity and germination

41
Q

% pure live seed

A

=100%-(% weed seed-%other crop seed -%inert material)

=% pure seed x % germination

42
Q

Importance of certified seed

A 
Get variety advertised
High seed quality
No noxious weeds
Few if any objectionable weeds
Good germination
Few if any off crop types
Inspected and certified by official seed certification agency
43
Q

Most important factor is selecting alfalfa varieties

A 
Disease resistance to:
Verticillium wilt
Phytophthora root rot
Anthracnose (only Hudson valley)
Bacterial wilt (all mod varieties are resist)
Fusarium wilt (not typically economic)
44
Q 
Alfalfa disease resistance
HR
R
MR
LR
S
A 
HR= 50% or more plants are resistant
R= 31-50%
MR= 15-30%
LR= 5-15%
S= 0-5%
45
Q

Spring seeding

A

Late April early may for northern ny grasses

Late as Early June alfalfa

46
Q

Fall seeding

A

Mid august for northern ny grasses

Early august alfalfa

47
Q

Frost seeding

A

Broadcast before spring freeze thaw

Successful red clover
Fail reed canary grass and Birdsfoot trefoil

48
Q

Corn Planting soil temp
Moisture
Depth

A

45-50

Dry soil usually okay

Optimum 1.5-2
If dry soil plant up to 3inches

49
Q

Soybean Planting soil temp
Moisture
Depth

A

50-55

High imbibition rate (50% increase by weight) so very sensitive to dry soil

1.25-2inches

50
Q

Small grain soil planting temp
Moisture
Depth

A

Temp rarely a constraint, germinate at 32

Can stand a range of moisture

Plant up to 3inches wheat

51
Q

Grain corn seeding rate

A

30,000 on soils with good water holding capacity, planted at 32,500 bc 90% germ

26,000 on droughty soils

52
Q

Narrow rows advantages

A

More favorable light utilization

So beans and corn respond better to higher seed rates

53
Q

Flex ear

A

May yield higher at lower pops

54
Q

Soybean bush varieties

A

Do better at wide row and low pops

55
Q

Corn vertical leaf type

A

Responds to higher pops

56
Q

Small grain row width

A

7” used in Northeast

Respond best to narrow row

57
Q

Soybean row spacing

A

30, 15, 7”
Yield best at 7
But more uniform emergence with corn planter bc depth control

58
Q

Kemper head

A

Bi directional head

Makes narrow row corn possible

59
Q

Soybean seeding rate
Drilled
Corn planter

A

180k drilled

160k seed/acre 30” row

60
Q

Silage seed rate

A

4k more seed/acre than grain
Seed at 36k, final 33 on high water holding
Seed to final stand of 27 on droughty

61
Q

Wheat seed rate

A

2 bu/acre before mid October

2.5 bu/acre after mid October

62
Q

Alfalfa seed rate

A

12-15 lb/ac

63
Q

Red clover

Orchard grass

A

4-8 lbs/ac

64
Q

Birdsfoot trefoil
Timothy
Seed rate

A

4-6 lb/acre

65
Q

Smooth brome grass

A

5-8lb/ acre

66
Q

Rees canary grass

A

8-10lb/acre

67
Q

Replant alfalfa, need _plants per square foot

A

10-12 seedlings

Less than 3 for old stands

68
Q

Replant grain corn

A

Final stand 16k or above, don’t replant

69
Q

Replant silage corn

A

Less than 18k plants/ac

70
Q

effects of frequent forage harvest

A

Increased quality
May decrease total yield
Decrease food reserves

71
Q

Nitrogen rapid uptake in corn

A

V8 (knee high) and R1 (silking)

72
Q

Actual lime required env and recommendation

A

=(recommendation / ENV of limestone)*100

73
Q

Determine N crop needs for corn

A

((Yield potential x 1.2)- soil N - sod N - manure N) / N uptake efficiency

Crop production (3 decks)

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