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GREEN EMPIRE > Crop Science > Flashcards

Crop Science Flashcards

1
Q

About #% Of the country’s long area constitutes agricultural land

A

32

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2
Q

increase in food supply per year

A

2

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3
Q

share of agriculture in GDP

A

18

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4
Q

AFMA RA number

A

8435 year 1997

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5
Q

systematically accumulated and tested knowledge

A

science

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6
Q

concerned with the observation and classification of knowledge concerning economically cultivated crops

A

Corp science

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7
Q

deals with the principles and practices of managing field crops and soils

A

Agronomy

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8
Q

deals with gardens and plants within an enclosure

A

Horticulture

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9
Q

FIDA

A

fiber industry development authority

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10
Q

NTA

A

national Tobacco Administration

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10
Q

NTA

A

national Tobacco Administration

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11
Q

PHILRICE

A

philippine rice research institute

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12
Q

PCA

A

philippine coconut authority

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13
Q

SRA

A

Sugar Regulatory Administration

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14
Q

PRCRTC

A

philippine root crops research and training center

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15
Q

NARC

A

national abaca research centre

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16
Q

IPB

A

institute of plant breeding

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17
Q

NCPC

A

national crop protection center

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18
Q

NPGRL

A

national plant genetic resources laboratory

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19
Q

PHRTC

A

Post harvest horticulture training and research center

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20
Q

BIOTECH

A

National Institutes of molecular biology and biotechnology

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21
Q

Private seeds company

A

East west
Syngenta
Pioneer
Monsanto
Allied Botanicals

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22
Q

IRRI

A

International rise research institute

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23
Q

CIMMYT

A

Centro International de Majora Miente de Mais E Trigo (Mexico)

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24
Q

CIP

A

Central International De PATATAS (peru)

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25
Q

ICRISAT

A

International Crop research insititute for semi arid tRopicS (india)

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26
Q

CIAT

A

Centro DE International AgriCultural Tropical (Columbia)

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27
Q

ICARDA

A

International Center for agricultural research for dry areas. (Syria)

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28
Q

IITA

A

International Institute for tropical agriculture (Nigeria)

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29
Q

ICRAF

A

International Center for research on Agro Forestry (Kenya)

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30
Q

AVRDC

A

Asian vegetable research and development center (Taiwan)

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31
Q

Biodiversity international (Italy)

A
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32
Q

Massification based on convenience in which a structure or feature serves as a basis of grouping

A

Artificial system

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33
Q

System of classification that uses the most prominent and most peculiar morphological structure of the plant

A

Natural systems

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34
Q

System of classification on which plants are classified according to their evolutionary status

A

phylogenetic system

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35
Q

shops rarely grow higher than five meters

A
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36
Q

examples of annuals

A

squash

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37
Q

example of biennials

A

Carrot cabbage and celery.

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38
Q

Example of perennials

A

Asparagus

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39
Q

Plants that grow upon other plants, but not parasitic.

A

Epiphytes

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40
Q

Plants that grow in places which indicating organic substances

A

Saprophytes

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41
Q

Example of fiber crops

A

Cotton, ramie, kenaf, jute.

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42
Q

Example of oil crops

A

Soybean peanut sunflower castor and coconut

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43
Q

Plants grown in containers for their flowers

A

Flowering pot plants

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44
Q

Plants that is used for lawns and greens

A

Turf

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45
Q

crop grown immediately after the failure of the main crop

A

catch crop

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46
Q

Grasses that are cut and directly fed to animals

A

SOilage

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47
Q

Grasses that are preserved before being fed to animals

A

Silage

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48
Q

These cements to adjust and cell walls.

A

Middle lamella

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49
Q

Three components of the plant cell

A

Cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus.

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50
Q

This is stretched as the cell grows

A

Primary wall

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51
Q

Form after cell completes growth

A

Secondary wall

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52
Q

All living matter of the cell, apart from the local nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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53
Q

Flowing movement of the cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis

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54
Q

Allows or blocks substances from crossing to the cell

A

Plamalemma or plasma membrane

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55
Q

Flattened disk of tubular sacks.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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56
Q

Collective term for all dictyosomes.
Involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides and glucose units for cell wall formation

A

Golgi apparatus

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57
Q

Responsible for the yellow orange or red colors of many flowers.

A

Chromoplast

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58
Q

Non pigmented plastids

A

Leucoplasts

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59
Q

Spherical organelles bounded only by one membrane, .5-1.5 um

A

Microbodies

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60
Q

Microbody, which play an important role in glycolytic acid metabolism

A

Peroxisome

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61
Q

Microbody that contains enzymes needed for the conversion of fats into carbohydrates during germination in many seeds

A

Lyoxysomes

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62
Q

Organic cytosol in a 3 dimensional network of fibrous proteins

A

Cytoskeleton

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63
Q

Microtubules is made up of

A

Tubulin

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64
Q

Plays a causative role in cytoplasmic streaming

A

Microfilaments

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65
Q

Ribosomes are about blank in diameter.

A

17-23 um

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66
Q

Dumping House of the cell

A

Vacuole

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67
Q

membrane the encloses the vacuole

A

tonoplast

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68
Q

Flowering plants

A

Angiosperms

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69
Q

Part of a plant where cell division occurs

A

Meristematic tissue

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70
Q

Derived from a distance, which have attained maturity form.

A

Permanent tissues

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71
Q

Ticket tissue found in the cortex of the stem and patioles or along the veins of the leaves.

A

Collenchyma

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71
Q

Living cells that have diverse functions

A

Parenchyma

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72
Q

Hard and tough cells with a function in mechanical support

A

Sclerenchyma

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73
Q

The cork is impregnated with

A

Suberin

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74
Q

Xylem is consist of

A

Tracheids, vessel membrane, xylem fibers and xylem parenchymma

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75
Q

Chief food conducting element in the phloem

A

Sieve tube elements

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76
Q

Parenchyma cells found beside the sieve tubes.

A

Companion cells

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77
Q

Packing and supportive tissue that accounts for much of the bulk of the young plants

A

Ground

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78
Q

Root that grows from any part of the plant other than the radicle

A

Adventitious root system

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79
Q

Roots that develop from the Leaf

A

Foliar root system

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80
Q

Short erect underground stem.

A

bulb

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81
Q

Flowering stem of grasses and sedges

A

culm

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82
Q

Like runner

A

offset

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83
Q

Horizontal underground stem

A

rhizome

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84
Q

Above ground stem with internal and new plantlet at the tip

A

runners

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85
Q

Shoot arising below the ground from all stem

A

sucker

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86
Q

Shoot produce from the base of the stem

A

tiller

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87
Q

Thick storage underground stem

A

tuber

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88
Q

Enlarge solid fleshy base

A

corm

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89
Q

Network type of veins

A

Reticulate

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90
Q

Expanded portion of the leaf

A

lamina or leaf blade

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91
Q

Whorl of sepals

A

calyx

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92
Q

whorl of petals

A

corolla

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93
Q

Group of carpel

A

pistil

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94
Q

stipe of a pistil

A

gynophore

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95
Q

stalk of flower

A

pedicel

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96
Q

combined calyx and corolla

A

perianth

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97
Q

Complete flower

A

sepal, petal, pistil and stamen

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98
Q

The scar on seed coat

A

hilum

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99
Q

Small power in a seed that allows water absorption

A

micropyle

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100
Q

stem of a sprouting plant.

A

hypocotyl

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101
Q

shoot of an embryo

A

plumule

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102
Q

Seed that dries out naturally on the mother plant.

A

orthodox

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103
Q

Seeds that don’t dry out on mother plant

A

recalcitrant

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104
Q

Tissue that surrounds the seed

A

pericarp

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105
Q

Collection of simple fruit developing from apocarpus pistil

A

aggregate fruits

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106
Q

Fruit that is developed from a number of flower from an inflorescence

A

composite fruits

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107
Q

Fruit that has an entirely fleshy ovary

A

berry

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108
Q

Fruit that has a leathery rind

A

hesperidium

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109
Q

Fruit that has a hard rind and a fleshy matrix

A

pepo

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110
Q

Fruit that has fleshy exterior, and a single heart is stony pit

A

Drupe

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111
Q

Fruit that has flashing exterior and a papery carpet

A

Pomes

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112
Q

Fruits that does not open in maturity

A

Indehiscent

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113
Q

Fruit that opens in maturity

A

Dehiscent

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114
Q

A single fruit with seed attached at only one place to the perry carp

A

Achene

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115
Q

Fruit similar to achene, however, the pericarp sticks or clings to the seed

A

Caryopsis

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116
Q

Single seated fruit with a membranous wings

A

Samara

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117
Q

A hard one seeded fruit

A

Nut

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118
Q

Fruit that has the ovary walls fits loosely around the seed.

A

Uricle

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119
Q

Fruit that is composed of single carpel and has two longitudinal sutures

A

Legume

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120
Q

Fruit that is composed of a single carpet and splits open along one suture

A

folicle

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121
Q

Fruit that is composed of more than one carpel that Is see united

A

capsule

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122
Q

A type of capsule with a lid that falls from the fruit

A

pyxis

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123
Q

The production of fruit without fertilization

A

parthenocarpy

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124
Q

Main organelle involved in photosynthesis

A

Chloroplastid

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125
Q

Lens shape organelle bound by a double membrane

A

chloroplast

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126
Q

Ratio of chlorophyll, a and chlorophyll B.

A

3:1

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126
Q

A structure made up of four simple pyrrole nuclei, joined by carbon linkages

A

porphyrin ring system

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127
Q

Three part ways of CO2 reduction

A

Calvin benson cycle (RUbp)
C4 or hatchslack pathway (PEP Carboxylase)
Crassulacean acid metabolism (fixation of c02 during the night)

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128
Q

anatomy of leaves in c4 plants

A

kranz-type anatomy

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129
Q

Stages of respiration

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport System

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130
Q

Produces pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

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131
Q

Pyruvic acid to acetyl co enzyme-a

A

Krebs cycles

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132
Q

NADH and FADH to ATP

A

Electron Transport System

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133
Q

enzyme activity doubles every

A

10C

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134
Q

the loss of water from plants through water vapor

A

TRanspiration

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135
Q

energy required to convert water to gas

A

539 cal per gram

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136
Q

loss of water through the epidermis (5-10%)

A

cuticular transpiration

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137
Q

loss of water through numerous pores in the outer layer of a woody plant stem

A

lenticular transpiration

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138
Q

loss of water through stomata

A

stomatal transpiration (90%)

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139
Q

transport of solutes and photoassimilates

A

Translocation

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140
Q

Main photosynthates being translocated

A

sucrose

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141
Q

sucrose movement can be aided by

A

boron

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142
Q

the process of utilizing food

A

assimilation

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143
Q

ability of a sink to accumulate assimilates

A

sink strength

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144
Q

Interrelated aspects of development

A

growth
differentiation
organization

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145
Q

outward sign of selective gene action

A

differentiation

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146
Q

irreversible change in time

A

Growth

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147
Q

orientation and integration of the differentiated cells

A

organization

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148
Q

Regulatory effect exerted by one part of the plant on the growth and development in another part.

A

correlation

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149
Q

recurring evetn or oscillation with properties not directly reflecting environmental fluctuations

A

endogenous rhythm

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150
Q

steps in plant movement

A

perception
transduction
response

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151
Q

Involved biochemical and biophysical changes, which occurs in response to perceive stimulus

A

transduction

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152
Q

2 categories of plant movements

A

tropic movements
nastic movements

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153
Q

Plant movement that is determined by the direction of the environmental stimulus.

A

tropic movements

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154
Q

leaf is always nearly at the right angle to the sun

A

solar tracking

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155
Q

Plant movement that is triggered by an internal timing mechanism and the direction of destiny, the direction of the movement.

A

nastic movement

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156
Q

bending up of leaves

A

hyponasty

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157
Q

bending down of leaves

A

epinasty

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158
Q

folding of leaves in response to light

A

nyctinasty

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159
Q

folding and rolling of leaves in response to water

A

hydronasty

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160
Q

response to touch

A

thigmonasty

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161
Q

Crop adaptation that is exemplified by the presence of metamorphosis or special organs

A

Morphological adaptation

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162
Q

Crop adaptation that is exemplified by the closing of stomates

A

Physiological adaptation

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163
Q

Crop adaptation that has to do with biochemical changes with some bearing on certain survival mechanisms

A

Biochemical adaptation

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164
Q

Organic substances other than vitamins and nutrients, which are active in very minute amounts

A

Phytohormones

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165
Q

plant hormone that promotes cell elongation.

A

Auxin

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166
Q

Amino acid on which IAA is synthesized.

A

Triptophan.

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167
Q

Plant hormone that stimulates stem elongation, germination of seeds and maleness

A

Gibberellic acid

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168
Q

Gibberellic acid is synthesized from

A

mevalonic acid

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169
Q

Plant hormones that releases lateral buds from apical dominance.

A

cytokinin

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170
Q

Most common Cytokinin base in plants

A

zeatin

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171
Q

Ethylene is synthesized from

A

methionine

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172
Q

Plant hormone that enhances stomatal closure and Seed dormancy

A

ABA

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173
Q

The growth in lowest supply sets the capacity for yield

A

Liebigs law of minimum

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174
Q

The rate of a process is limited by the slowest factor

A

Blackman’s theory of Optima and limiting factors

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175
Q

Plant growth increased with additional increments of a limiting factor, but not in direct proportion

A

Mitscherlich law of diminishing return

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176
Q

Germination with Cotyledon above ground

A

Epigenous

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177
Q

Germination with Cotyledon below ground

A

Hypogenous

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178
Q

Condition on which seed can germinate because of unfavorable conditions

A

Seed quiescence

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179
Q

Types of primary seed Dormancy

A

Exogenous - coat imposed dormancy
endogenous dormancy -

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180
Q

Dormancy imposed by the environment

A

Secondary seed dormancy

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181
Q

Dormancy due to one or more suitable factors in the environment with none specific effect

A

Eco Dormancy

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182
Q

Dormancy due to physical factors or biochemical signals originating externally to affected structure

A

Paradormancy.

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183
Q

Dormancy regulated by physiological factors inside affected structure

A

EndoDormancy

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184
Q

Any treatment that removes the seed coat or alters it, making it more permeable to water and air

A

Scarification

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185
Q

Types of scarification

A

Physical mechanical and chemical

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186
Q

Is the placement of seeds between layers of moist, sand, soil or sodas to soften the seed coat

A

Stratification

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187
Q

The production of viable seeds without pollination

A

Apomixis

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188
Q

Plant that reproduces only by asexual reproduction

A

Obligate apomictic.

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189
Q

Plant that can reproduce sexually or asexually

A

Facultative apomictic

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190
Q

detouching of organs from mother plant

A

Separation

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191
Q

Procedure wherein specialized vegetative structures are cut into sections

A

Division

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192
Q

Underground organ consisting of a short, fleshy, usually vertical system axis bearing at its apex, a growing point or a flower primordium.

A

Bulb

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193
Q

Arial plantlet

A

Bulbil

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194
Q

swollen base of a stem axis enclosed by dry scale leaves

A

Corm

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195
Q

miniature corm

A

Cannel

196
Q

pan of a plant at the surface of the ground from which new shoots are produced

A

Crown

197
Q

leafy shoot originating from auxiliary buds borne at the base of a plant

A

Slip

198
Q

a portion of a stem or a root

A

Cutting

199
Q

propagated from root cutting

A

bread fruit and Apple

200
Q

propagated by stem cutting

A

Coffee

201
Q

propagated by leaf cutting

A

snake plant
begonia
African Violet

202
Q

propagated from Leaf bud cutting

A

black pepper and vanilla

203
Q

propagation method by which adventitious roots are induced to form on a stem while still attached to the mother plant

A

Layering

204
Q

a piece of stem inserted between Scion and the root stock

A

Interstock

205
Q

Grating while still attached to the motherplant

A

approach grafting or inarching

206
Q

changing the top of inferior plants

A

top working

207
Q

Detached scion is leafless

A

splice grafting

208
Q

like splice grafting but the type of cuts used vary

A

cleft grafting

209
Q

scion is joined at the side

A

side grafting

210
Q

used when the stem of stock is much larger than the scion

A

bark grafting

211
Q

budding used in species that produce bark

A

patch budding

212
Q

buddign used in actively developing stem whose bark can be separated from the wood

A

shield of t budding

213
Q

bonding method that is used when the bark of the stem adheres closely to its wood

A

chip budding

214
Q

genetic design of a plant which dictates the ceiling of how much a variety can yield

A

Genotype

215
Q

the seasonal pattern of a particular place of pouring from year to year

A

climate

216
Q

the momentary state of the atmosphere brought by the combination of elements

A

Weather

217
Q

climatic environment 1 meter above the plant canopy

A

Macro climate

218
Q

climatic environment 1 meter below the plant canopy

A

Micro climate

219
Q

Desert plants

A

Xerophyte

220
Q

land plants

A

Mesophytes

221
Q

Aquatic plants

A

hydrophytes

222
Q

29 days without rain of atleats 0.25mm

A

absolute drought

223
Q

15 days no rain of atleast .25 mm

A

partial drought

224
Q

fore very 100 meter in height there is 0.6 C decrease

A
225
Q

Normal wind speed in ph

A

7.2 km

226
Q

Important wavelength of light for photosynthesis

A

Red and blue

227
Q

Important wavelength for photoperiodism

A

far red and red wavelength

228
Q

effect of light on photosynthesis

A

Photoenergetic effect

229
Q

effect of light on plant development

A

Photocybernetic effect

230
Q

plant response as conditioned by day length

A

Photoperiodic effect

231
Q

sun loving plants which ssturates at about 5000 candles

A

Heliophytes

232
Q

Shade loving plants that saturates at about 500 candles

A

Sciophytes

233
Q

toxic substances on air pollution

A

lead, sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, HF

234
Q

strong winds with speed greater than 21 kilometers per hour

A

typhoon

235
Q

refers to the soil as a factor in crop production

A

EDAPHIC FACTORS

236
Q

relative proportion of sine silt and clay

A

Soil texture

237
Q

refers to the clustering of the soil particles into characteristic aggregates of various sizes, shapes and stability

A

Soil Structure

238
Q

pillar-like with level tops soil structure

A

Prismatic structure

239
Q

pillar-like with level tops soil structure

A

Prismatic structure

240
Q

pillar-like with rounded tops

A

COlumnar structure

241
Q

cube-like and has more or less sharp edges

A

Blocky structure

242
Q

has edges which are more or less rounded; like the blocky structure; typical in clayey subsoils particularly in humid regions

A

Sub-angular blocky structure

243
Q

has disc-like aggregates; commonly found in virgin soils and subsoils;

A

Platy structure

244
Q

rounded aggregates which are more porous; characteristic of surface soils especially those high in organic matter content

A

Spheroidal structure

245
Q

resembles cookie crumbs; commonly found in surface horizons where roots have been growing

A

Granular / Crumb

246
Q

The mass (dry weight) per unit volume of soil
Indicator of soil porosity

A

Bulk Density

247
Q

The range of bulk density values for sand and sandy loam soils is

A

1.20 to 1.80 g/cm3

248
Q

The range of bulk density values for clay, clay loam and silt loam

A

1.0 to 1.60 g/cm3

249
Q

Ph in the PH

A

5.5 to pH 6.5.

250
Q

nutrients that become unavailable when the PH is too low

A

Ca, Mg, K, P, Mo, N

251
Q

at high PH micronutrients become unavailable except for

A

molybdenum

252
Q

the totality of all carbon-containing compounds in the soil derived from either plants or animals

A

Soil Organic Matter

253
Q

mportant role in the preservation of
species and in biodiversity conservation

A

Pollinators

254
Q

a collective term that includes pests diseases, weeds, invertebrates and vertebrates

A

Pests

255
Q

The latest development in biotechnology

A

Genetically Modified Organisms

256
Q

examples of transgenic crops

A

corn, tomato, soybean, cotton and potato

257
Q

Science, art, and business of crop improvement for human benefit

A

Plant Breeding

258
Q

collection of a large number of genotypes of a crop species and its wild relatives

A

Germplasm collection

259
Q

taking a genotype or a group of genotypes of plants into new environments where they were not being grown before

A

Introduction

260
Q

mating of individuals related by ancestry

A

Inbreeding

261
Q

cross between an inbred and an open-pollinated variety

A

Topcross

262
Q

cross between a plant or line and a tester

A

Testcross

263
Q

a cross between a hybrid and one of its parents;

A

Backcross

264
Q

open pollination in isolation among a number of selected genotypes arranged in a manner that promotes random mating

A

Polycross

265
Q

mating of two individuals in which each is used as the male parent and in one cross and the female parent in the other

A

Reciprocal cross

266
Q

crossing individuals belonging to the same species

A

Intraspecific cross

267
Q

crossing distantly related individuals

A

Wide or distant cross

268
Q

repeatedly backcrossing interspecific hybrids to one of the parental species leading to the transfer of some genes from one species to another

A

Introgressive hybridization

269
Q

Types of heterosis

A
  • Mid-parent heterosis
  • Heterobeitiosis
  • Standard heterosis
270
Q

the ability of a genotype to transfer its desirable traits to its progeny

A

Combining ability

271
Q

average performance of a strain in a series of crosses

A

General combining ability

272
Q

deviation from performance predicted on the basis of general combining ability of parent lines

A

Specific combining ability

273
Q

loss of vigor due to inbreeding

A

nbreeding depression

274
Q

an individual with one genotype in some of its parts and another genotype in other parts

A

Chimera

275
Q

increasing ploidy level to more than two identical or distinct genomes

A

Polyploidization

276
Q

Production of transgenic plants

A

Genetic Engineering

277
Q

when adaptive individuals in the populations are selected under a constant environment through the years; keeps the population constant and eliminates the deviants

A

Stabilizing or normalizing selection

278
Q

Change towards a particular direction due to changing environments

A

Directional selection

279
Q

leads to either formation of subpopulations differing in their characteristics

A

Diversifying or disruptive selection

280
Q

monogenic or oligogenic traits; show discrete or non-continuous variation

A

Qualitative traits

281
Q

polygenic, metric or measurable traits;

A

Quantitative traits

282
Q

polygenic, metric or measurable traits;

A

Quantitative traits

283
Q

sum of genotypic variance, environmental variance and GXE variance

A

Phenotypic variance

284
Q

sum of additive and non-additive types of gene action

A

Genotypic variance

285
Q

effect of environment on the phenotype

A

Environmental variance

286
Q

change in ranking and/or performance of genotypes when grown in different environments

A

GXE interaction

287
Q

a portion of the phenotypic variation among individuals that is due to genetic differences among them

A

Heritability

288
Q

estimated from the ratio of the total genetic variance to the phenotypic variance

A

Broad-sense heritability

289
Q

estimated from the ratio of the additive portion of the genetic variance to the phenotypic variance

A

Narrow-sense heritability

290
Q

difference between the mean performance of genotypes selected from a population and the overall population mean

A

Selection differential

291
Q

increase in mean performance of a population that is realized with each cycle of selection

A

Gain from selection

292
Q

Process of assessing the performa nee of newly developed lines of a crop

A

EVALUATION

293
Q

Process of assessing the performa nee of newly developed lines of a crop

A

EVALUATION

294
Q

may test separate groups of experimental lines; uses incomplete block design or triple lattice design with 2-3 replications in one location

A

Observational yield test

295
Q

evaluation including a check variety using incomplete block design with 2-3 replications in at least 2 locations

A

Preliminary yield

296
Q

uses randomized complete block design with 3 replications in at least 3 locations

A

General yield test

297
Q

elite lines from general yield tests evaluated using randomized complete block design with 4-replications in 6-10 locations

A

Advanced yield test

298
Q

seed multiplication of an entry after it has been identified for release;

A
  1. MULTIPLICATION
299
Q

the seed produced by the breeder after a strain is identified but before it is released as a variety

A

stock seed

300
Q

first generation offspring of a cross between two individuals differing in one or more genes

A

Hybrids

301
Q

seed mixture of strains, clones, inbreds, or hybrids, maintained by open-pollination for a specified number of generations

A

Synthetics

302
Q

mixture of genotypes from several sources, maintained by normal pollination

A

Composites

303
Q

a pureline originating by self pollination and selection

A

Inbreds

304
Q

composite of isolines

A

Multilines

305
Q

lines that are genetically similar except for one gene

A

Isolines

306
Q

variety maintained by natural cross pollination

A

Open-pollinated variety

307
Q

fanmer-selected cultivated forms

A

Landraces

308
Q

is the sum total of hereditary material or genes
present in a species

A

germplasm

309
Q

genetic source material used by plant
breeders to develop new cultivars

A

plant germplasm

310
Q

an integrated system of plant
and animal production having site specific applications

A

Sustainable agriculture

311
Q

A system of crop production in which the producer tries to
minimize the use of chemicals for the control of crop pests

A

Biological farming/ecological farming

312
Q

emphasizes on
many of the forces within liiving nature, identifying many of
these factors and describing specific practices and
preparations that guide the decomposition process in manure
and compost

A

Biodynamic farming by rudolf steiner

313
Q

involves no tillage, no fertilizers, no pesticides, no weeding, no
pruning and remarkably little labor by careful timing of
seeding and combination of crops

A

Natural farming

314
Q

means saving the
world, employs technology involving beneficial microorganisms
and inoculants to increase the microbial diversity,
health and yield of crops

A

Kyusei Nature Farming by terouhiga

315
Q

unique design that produce efficient low-maintenance
integration of plants, animals, people and structure applied at
the scale of a home garden, all the way to a large farm

A

Permaculture coined by bill morison

316
Q

a production system
which avoids or largely exclude the use of synthetically
compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and
livestock additives

A

Organic Farming firstu sed by lord northbourne

317
Q

form of agriculture that aims to enhance regeneration of
renewable resource to achieve a sustainable form of
agriculture

A

Regenerative agriculture

318
Q

management strategy that employs detailed site-specific
information to precisely manage production inputs

A

Precision farming

319
Q

is a highly organized integrated set of operation which exist
in a complex of natural, social, political and economic
environment

A

Farm

320
Q

refers to crop or
animals (including fish) production in paddy fields

A

Lowland Farming System

321
Q

refers to the growing of crops
and/or animals in relatively flat or plain areas where water is
not regularly available

A

Upland Fanning System

322
Q

involves the culture of crops and ~nimals i.n
any combination, together with a woody perennial

A

Agro-forestry

323
Q

this is concerned more on agricultural areas of higher
elevation of at least 800-1000 m above sea levels. These are
characterized with relatively lower temperatures throughout
the year.

A

Highland Farming System

324
Q

the practice
of growing profitable crops without irrigation in areas which
receive an annual rainfall of 500mm or even less

A

Dryland Farming System

325
Q

Refers to the pattern or arrangement of crops in time and
space, as well as the process of growing them.

A

Cropping System

326
Q

growing of more than one crop on the same land in one
year.

A

Multiple Cropping

327
Q

growing of two or more crops in
sequence on the same field within a 12 month
period

A

Sequential cropping

328
Q

the development of a new crop without
replanting from buds on the root system

A

Ratoon cropping

329
Q

It is the growing of two or more crops simultaneously
on the same field

A

Intercropping

330
Q

cultivation of such crops which have different natural
habitat and zero competition

A

Parallel cropping

331
Q

intercropping where the production of both
intercrops is equal to that of its solid planning

A

Companion cropping

332
Q

Cultivation of two or more than two crops of different
heights simultaneously

A

Multi-storey

333
Q

The yields of both crops are higher than of their pure
crop on unit area basis.

A

Synergetic cropping

334
Q

Rainfall average in PH

A

2553 mm

335
Q

temperature in high elevation PH

A

13.2 - 24.6

336
Q

temperature in low elevations PH

A

23.3 - 31.5

337
Q

for
every 100 m increase in elevation, there is a corresponding

A

.6 decrease in temperature

338
Q

Cool season crops

A

cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower

339
Q

Warm season crops

A

rice, banana

340
Q

Tropical crops

A

coconut

341
Q

Sub-tropical crops

A

citrus

342
Q

Average wind speed in PH

A

7.2 km/hr

343
Q

Photoenergetic effect

A

on photosynthesis

344
Q

Photocybernetic effect

A

on plant development

345
Q

Photoperiodic effect

A

plant response as conditioned
by daylength

346
Q

Heliophytes

A

light saturated at 5000 lux;

347
Q

Sciophytes

A

shade-loving; light saturated at 500 lux;

348
Q

Day neutral plant

A

banana, citrus, coconut, corn, tomato

349
Q

Short-day plant

A

coffee, rice,
sesame, soybean, winged bean

350
Q

Long-day plant

A

aster, castor oil,
onion, radish

351
Q

average RH in PH

A

82%

352
Q

dry from
November to May, wet from June to October; !locos,
Occidental Mindoro, Antique, Negros Occidental

A

Type 1

353
Q

maximum rain period is from November to
January; Bicol, Samar, Leyte, Surigao, Agusan, Davao

A

Type 2

354
Q

dry from february to april; cagayan nueva viscay, capiz, cebu, negros oriental, masbate, mt. province

A

Type 3

355
Q

rainfall is distributed throughout the year;
Isabela, Bohol, Cotabato, Lanao, zamboanga, Bukidnon;

A

Type 4

356
Q

considered as the father of modern tillage

A

Jethro Tull

357
Q

pH is stable, high N
mineralization, P, K, Si, and Mo are less available, Cu and
Zn are not affected, less generation of gases

A

Upland

358
Q

increase in pH in acid soils and decrease in pH in alkaline
soils, slow N mineralization, P, K, Si, and Mo are available,
Cu and Zn are reduced, generation of gases and organic
acids

A

Lowland

359
Q

tillage carried out in the standing crop

A

Inter tillage

360
Q

it is a basic tillage strategy that entails
practices in which some crop residue remains on the soil
surface after the operation

A

Conservation tillage

361
Q

A system that leave crop residue to serve
as mulch,

A

Mulch tillage.

362
Q

A system of cropping whereby
a crop is seeded directly into a seedbed not t illed

A

No tillage

363
Q

entails the disturbance of narrow strips in the soil where
seeding is done. i

A

Strip tillage

364
Q

It involves considerable soil
disturbance but to lesser extent than conventional tillage.

A

Minimum tillage

365
Q

A small band of soil on the ridge is tilled.

A

Ridge tillage

366
Q

tillage pattern on where ends up with a large cut out furrow in the center - difficult
to drain and get an even depth of cultivation

A

Circuitous pattern

367
Q

tillage pattern is the most field efficient

A

Up and back/Headland pattern

368
Q

tillage pattern on where the plowing begins to the center of the field

A

Land system

369
Q

staminate and pistillate flowers on the
same plant

A

Monoecious

370
Q

staminate and pistillate flowers on different
plants

A

Dioecious

371
Q

perfect and staminate flowers on
the same plant

A

Andromonoecious

372
Q

Naturally self-pollinated

A

Beans, peas, lettuce, tomatoes

373
Q

Cross-pollinated

A

Crucifers (cabbage, cauliflower, radish),
Root crops, carrots, beets, parsnips, onions

374
Q

Partially cross-pollinated

A

Eggplants, peppers, celery, cucurbits

375
Q

shorten time between sowing and seedling emergence

A

chitting

376
Q

involves seed
imbibition in a temperature-controlled, dilute, aerated
solution of an organic or inorganic osmoticum;

A

Osmoconditioning/Seed priming

377
Q

acclimatization or adaptation to the harsher field
environment by withholding moisture and reducing temperature
for 7-14 days prior to transplanting

A

Hardening

378
Q

planting depth should not be deeper than 10x the diameter of the seed

A
379
Q

even spreading of seed on top of
seedbed;

A

Broadcasting

380
Q

depositing seed in a row at a uniform depth in a
seedbed using equipment

A

Drilling

381
Q

seeds are sown raised beds with
continuous irrigation water and seedlings are ready for
transplanting in 25-30 days

A

Wetbed method

382
Q

pre-germinated seeds are sown in
cemented or puddle soil covered with banana leaves or plastic
sheet. Seedlings are ready for transplanting in 10-14 days.

A

Dapog method

383
Q

seedbeds are prepared followed by sowing of seeds.
Seedlings are ready for transplanting in 20-40 days.

A

Dry-bed method

384
Q

onion

A

bulb

385
Q

colacasia

A

corm

386
Q

eichornia

A

offsets

387
Q

banana and ginger

A

rhizome

388
Q

strawberry

A

stolon

389
Q

potato

A

tuber

390
Q

are produced from the notches of the margin
of intact leaves

A

Bryophyllum
plantlets

391
Q

are fleshy storage food
in the floral leaves and drop from the parent plant to
the ground, give out adventitious roots, and develop
into new plants

A

bulbils

392
Q

missing organ is allowed to
regenerate on detached vegetative part so that a
complete plant is formed;

A

Cutting/cuttage

393
Q

rooting a shoot or branch
which is still attached to the mother plant

A

Air layerage/Marcotting

394
Q

joining of two plant parts with the objective
of having the parts united so they can continue to
grow as one;

A

Graftage

395
Q

using naturally detachable organs from
the mother plant as planting materials

A

Separation

396
Q

cutting the modified organ into sections or
pieces with each piece having at least two buds

A

Division

397
Q

a small amount of tissue from a
suitable part of the parent plant is excised and grown
on a nutrient medium under aseptic conditions;

A

Tissue culture

398
Q

It is a procedure for gathering pertinent information about a seed, its capacity for establishing a stand of seedlings.

A

Seed Analysis/Testing

399
Q

Seeds are arranged in rows and rolled up. The rolled
material is placed in a germinator at 90% RH at 26°C for 16 hour, then another 8 hours at 30°C for one to several weeks.

A

Rug doll method or rolled-towel test

400
Q

Seeds are sown in previously sterilized soil

A

Seedbox method

401
Q

Seeds are placed in absorbent material in the dish.

A

Petri dish method

402
Q

a colometric test in which the biochemical reaction
causes the test solution to change color under certain
conditions. Respiring and viable seeds will change color to red;
dead or non-respiring seeds remain colorless.

A

Tetrazolium Test

403
Q

exposing young plants slowly to the outdoor
environment

A

Hardening

404
Q

rows of trees or shrubs that protect crops from
strong winds

A

Windbreak

405
Q

transfer of seedlings from overcrowded container
to another container

A

Pricking

406
Q

removal of plant parts to attain a specific objective
(preventive, formative, corrective, rejuvenative)

A

Pruning

407
Q

cuts are made at the terminal portion of the
plant

A

Heading-back

408
Q

complete removal of any number of branches.

A

Thinning-out

409
Q

removal of some fruits to minimize inter-fruit
nutrient

A

Fruit thinning

410
Q

bending, twisting, and tying of plants to support ,
structures

A

Training

411
Q

providing support to bunches or stalks which tend
to bend due to heavy load of fruits

A

Proppin

412
Q

use of Ethrel to stimulate latex production of old rubber trees

A

Latex stimulation

413
Q

wounding trunk of mango tree
to release ethylene);

A

hacking

414
Q

smoky fire below mango tree
canopy

A

smudging

415
Q

long days, high
temperatures, gibberellin

A

maleness

416
Q

short days, low
temperatures, auxin and ethylene

A

femaleness

417
Q

time isolation at least 3 weeks difference in time flowering

A
418
Q

water is directly applied on soil
surface over the root zone

A

Basin method

419
Q

One large sack of composted organic material should
be sufficient for an area of about

A

10 sqm

420
Q

fertilizer is applied in a strip 2-3 cm beneath
and to the side of the location of the seed during
seeding.

A

Band application

421
Q

application of fertilizer be done at final harrowing,
done either by hand or with the use of a “cyclone
spreader”

A

Broadcast

422
Q

placement of fertilizer along the rows near
the base of the plant

A

Sidedressing

423
Q

N fertilizers are applied to juvenile crops
wherein fertilizer is broadcast over the growing plants

A

Topdressing

424
Q

placement of fertilizer-centered mudballs
in flooded soils

A

Localized placement

425
Q

Organic fertilizers (compost)

A

1-7%N, 2-13%P20 5 and 1-10%
K20

426
Q

speed up decomposition of compost
materials

A

Trichodermaharzianum

427
Q

water fern that grows symbiotically with
blue-green algae;

A

Azolla(Anabaena azolla

428
Q

ideal ph range of soil

A

6 - 6.5

429
Q

is a natural erosion process that
leads to soil formation and processes that maintain the soil
in a favorable balance suitable for crop growth

A

Geological erosion

430
Q

ions move with water without metabolic
involvement; the characteristics of the apoplast

A

Passive nutrient uptake

431
Q

ions cross the plasmalemma with the involvement of
metabolic energy from ATP and ions move from one cell to
another through the plasmodesmata

A

Active nutrient uptake

432
Q

Macronutrients -

A

C, H, 0, N, P, K, ca, Mg, S

433
Q

Micronutrients

A

Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cl, Ni

434
Q

Component of nucleic acids, phytin, coenzymes, adenylases; regulatory function of synthetase
reactions

A

Phosphorus

435
Q

Osmoregulation; activator of certain kinases, synthetases, lyases; required for protein synthesis;
intearal comoonents of proteins sulfolipids 5-coenzymes, 5- and Fe-S proteins

A

Potassium

436
Q

Component of pectates, regulatory protein (calmodulin); regulates ion transport, senescence,
membrane permeability activator of numerous enzymes

A

Calcium

437
Q

Intearal component of chlorophyll Mg-ATP activator of phosphorylation RuBP carboxylase

A

Magnesium

438
Q

Constituent of several coenzymes vitamins essential for metabolism and two amino acids

A

Sulfur

439
Q

Components of Fe- and Fe-S proteins cvtochromes and ferrodoxins

A

Iron

440
Q

Activator of several oxidases and lignin synthesis

A

Copper

441
Q

Activator of carbonic anhydrase alkaline phosphatise hexokinase and alcohol dehydrooenase

A

Zinc

442
Q

Activator of amino peptidase~· activator of photosynthetic evolution of oxygen (Hill reaction

A

Manganese

443
Q

Component of nitrate reductase· essential for nitrogenase in bacteria for N2 fixation

A

Molybdenum

444
Q

enzymatic regulation of growth and
development

A

Boron

445
Q

Activator of photosvstem II· participates in electron transport in chloroplast

A

Chlorine

446
Q

Integral component of urease enzyme

A

Nickel

447
Q

The separation of the economic yield

A

Harvesting

448
Q

refers to the movement of farm products
or operations through which the commodities undergo from harvest
to possession by the final consumer

A

Postharvest handling

449
Q

Harvesting – packing house (sorting/grading, cleaning, or
primary processing, packaging, etc) - transport - storage -
marketing – consumer

A
450
Q

practices and operations from
harvesting to consumption; aim is to deliver good quality products

A

Postproductiontechnology

451
Q

original plant part can still be recognized

A

Primary processing

452
Q

conversion of produce into more stable
forms that can no longer be changed into other forms

A

Secondary processing

453
Q

types of secondary processing

A

Heat sterilization
Dehydration
Fermentation
Freezing

454
Q

low moisture content (less than or equal to
14%); corn, rice, mungbean

A

Durables

455
Q

high moisture content (80-95%); fruits,
vegetables, ornamentals

A

Perishables

456
Q

harvested at optimum maturity and
ripened after harvest;

A

Climacteric

457
Q

continuously declining rate of
respiration from maturation to the end of senescence;

A

Non-climacteric

458
Q

signs or indications of the
readiness of the plant for harvest;

A

Maturity indices

459
Q

process of hastening the peel color change from green to
orange or yellow of citrus fruits which have attained full flavour and
aroma.

A

Degreening

460
Q

the fleshy edible pulp adhering to seeds of fruits as in
rambutan, durian and lanzones

A

Aril

461
Q

process of toughening and self-healing of bruises and skinned
areas in root and tuber crops

A

Curing

462
Q

cutting or killing of potato vines a week before harvesting

A

Dehaulming

463
Q

the process of classifying into groups according to a set of
recognized criteria of quality and size

A

Grading

464
Q

commercial maturity

A

Horticultural Maturity

465
Q

the rapid cooling (48 hr. or less) of
a commodity to a desired transit or storage temperature soon
after harvesting before it is stored

A

Precooling

466
Q

the process of classifying of commodity into groups,
designated by the person classifying the produce either
according to a set criteria or whatever criteria he may desire.

A

Sortin

467
Q

the process of formulating and issuing grade standards in the
country or industry.

A

Standardization

468
Q

browning of t issues about a centimeter below the peeled
surface of a cassava viewed cross-sectionally.

A

Vascular streaking

469
Q

leafsheaths are removed in abaca

A

Topping

470
Q

is the separation of the strong mechanical bundles from the
weaker fibrovascular bundles.

A

Tuxying

471
Q

extending many points on a plane

A

Line

472
Q

outline that an object creates; 3D
effects

A

Form

473
Q

visual roughness or smoothness

A

Texture

474
Q

visible pattern of the design

A

Color-

475
Q

allows us to see a variety of intensity in
colors, textures, lines, and shapes

A

Light

476
Q

defines the boundary of a
landscape

A

Volume or space

477
Q

illusion of equilibrium around a real
or imaginary central axis

A

Balance

478
Q

arrangement of planes that will produce
a single, harmonious design

A

Unity

479
Q

using the same size, color,
texture, or form of material

A

Repetition

480
Q

transition from one area to another

A

Sequence

481
Q

break monotony due to
too much repetition

A

Contrast/Variety

482
Q

break monotony due to
too much repetition

A

Contrast/Variety

483
Q

focus on dominant or accent
features

A

Emphasis

484
Q

relative size of plants
and objects with a particular reference

A

Scale and proportion-

485
Q

pleasing relationship of objects
within a landscape

A

Harmony

486
Q

plants used to cover the
ground to minimize erosion

A

Ground covers

487
Q

low growing plants used to
define pathways and shapes of planting areas

A

Edging plants

488
Q

plants of special beauty or
unusual quality grown to be exhibited alone

A

Specimen plants

489
Q

one or more plants
used as prominent features in the garden

A

Accents/ Focal point

490
Q

plants that
provide security and privacy

A

Barriers/Screens/Hedges

491
Q

dense shrub grown near
or along a building

A

Foundation plants

GREEN EMPIRE (3 decks)

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