Crop Science Flashcards
About #% Of the country’s long area constitutes agricultural land
32
increase in food supply per year
2
share of agriculture in GDP
18
AFMA RA number
8435 year 1997
systematically accumulated and tested knowledge
science
concerned with the observation and classification of knowledge concerning economically cultivated crops
Corp science
deals with the principles and practices of managing field crops and soils
Agronomy
deals with gardens and plants within an enclosure
Horticulture
FIDA
fiber industry development authority
NTA
national Tobacco Administration
NTA
national Tobacco Administration
PHILRICE
philippine rice research institute
PCA
philippine coconut authority
SRA
Sugar Regulatory Administration
PRCRTC
philippine root crops research and training center
NARC
national abaca research centre
IPB
institute of plant breeding
NCPC
national crop protection center
NPGRL
national plant genetic resources laboratory
PHRTC
Post harvest horticulture training and research center
BIOTECH
National Institutes of molecular biology and biotechnology
Private seeds company
East west
Syngenta
Pioneer
Monsanto
Allied Botanicals
IRRI
International rise research institute
CIMMYT
Centro International de Majora Miente de Mais E Trigo (Mexico)
CIP
Central International De PATATAS (peru)
ICRISAT
International Crop research insititute for semi arid tRopicS (india)
CIAT
Centro DE International AgriCultural Tropical (Columbia)
ICARDA
International Center for agricultural research for dry areas. (Syria)
IITA
International Institute for tropical agriculture (Nigeria)
ICRAF
International Center for research on Agro Forestry (Kenya)
AVRDC
Asian vegetable research and development center (Taiwan)
Biodiversity international (Italy)
Massification based on convenience in which a structure or feature serves as a basis of grouping
Artificial system
System of classification that uses the most prominent and most peculiar morphological structure of the plant
Natural systems
System of classification on which plants are classified according to their evolutionary status
phylogenetic system
shops rarely grow higher than five meters
examples of annuals
squash
example of biennials
Carrot cabbage and celery.
Example of perennials
Asparagus
Plants that grow upon other plants, but not parasitic.
Epiphytes
Plants that grow in places which indicating organic substances
Saprophytes
Example of fiber crops
Cotton, ramie, kenaf, jute.
Example of oil crops
Soybean peanut sunflower castor and coconut
Plants grown in containers for their flowers
Flowering pot plants
Plants that is used for lawns and greens
Turf
crop grown immediately after the failure of the main crop
catch crop
Grasses that are cut and directly fed to animals
SOilage
Grasses that are preserved before being fed to animals
Silage
These cements to adjust and cell walls.
Middle lamella
Three components of the plant cell
Cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus.
This is stretched as the cell grows
Primary wall
Form after cell completes growth
Secondary wall
All living matter of the cell, apart from the local nucleus
Cytoplasm
Flowing movement of the cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis
Allows or blocks substances from crossing to the cell
Plamalemma or plasma membrane
Flattened disk of tubular sacks.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Collective term for all dictyosomes.
Involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides and glucose units for cell wall formation
Golgi apparatus
Responsible for the yellow orange or red colors of many flowers.
Chromoplast
Non pigmented plastids
Leucoplasts
Spherical organelles bounded only by one membrane, .5-1.5 um
Microbodies
Microbody, which play an important role in glycolytic acid metabolism
Peroxisome
Microbody that contains enzymes needed for the conversion of fats into carbohydrates during germination in many seeds
Lyoxysomes
Organic cytosol in a 3 dimensional network of fibrous proteins
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules is made up of
Tubulin
Plays a causative role in cytoplasmic streaming
Microfilaments
Ribosomes are about blank in diameter.
17-23 um
Dumping House of the cell
Vacuole
membrane the encloses the vacuole
tonoplast
Flowering plants
Angiosperms
Part of a plant where cell division occurs
Meristematic tissue
Derived from a distance, which have attained maturity form.
Permanent tissues
Ticket tissue found in the cortex of the stem and patioles or along the veins of the leaves.
Collenchyma
Living cells that have diverse functions
Parenchyma
Hard and tough cells with a function in mechanical support
Sclerenchyma
The cork is impregnated with
Suberin
Xylem is consist of
Tracheids, vessel membrane, xylem fibers and xylem parenchymma
Chief food conducting element in the phloem
Sieve tube elements
Parenchyma cells found beside the sieve tubes.
Companion cells
Packing and supportive tissue that accounts for much of the bulk of the young plants
Ground
Root that grows from any part of the plant other than the radicle
Adventitious root system
Roots that develop from the Leaf
Foliar root system
Short erect underground stem.
bulb
Flowering stem of grasses and sedges
culm
Like runner
offset
Horizontal underground stem
rhizome
Above ground stem with internal and new plantlet at the tip
runners
Shoot arising below the ground from all stem
sucker
Shoot produce from the base of the stem
tiller
Thick storage underground stem
tuber
Enlarge solid fleshy base
corm
Network type of veins
Reticulate
Expanded portion of the leaf
lamina or leaf blade
Whorl of sepals
calyx
whorl of petals
corolla
Group of carpel
pistil
stipe of a pistil
gynophore
stalk of flower
pedicel
combined calyx and corolla
perianth
Complete flower
sepal, petal, pistil and stamen
The scar on seed coat
hilum
Small power in a seed that allows water absorption
micropyle
stem of a sprouting plant.
hypocotyl
shoot of an embryo
plumule
Seed that dries out naturally on the mother plant.
orthodox
Seeds that don’t dry out on mother plant
recalcitrant
Tissue that surrounds the seed
pericarp
Collection of simple fruit developing from apocarpus pistil
aggregate fruits
Fruit that is developed from a number of flower from an inflorescence
composite fruits
Fruit that has an entirely fleshy ovary
berry
Fruit that has a leathery rind
hesperidium
Fruit that has a hard rind and a fleshy matrix
pepo
Fruit that has fleshy exterior, and a single heart is stony pit
Drupe
Fruit that has flashing exterior and a papery carpet
Pomes
Fruits that does not open in maturity
Indehiscent
Fruit that opens in maturity
Dehiscent
A single fruit with seed attached at only one place to the perry carp
Achene
Fruit similar to achene, however, the pericarp sticks or clings to the seed
Caryopsis
Single seated fruit with a membranous wings
Samara
A hard one seeded fruit
Nut
Fruit that has the ovary walls fits loosely around the seed.
Uricle
Fruit that is composed of single carpel and has two longitudinal sutures
Legume
Fruit that is composed of a single carpet and splits open along one suture
folicle
Fruit that is composed of more than one carpel that Is see united
capsule
A type of capsule with a lid that falls from the fruit
pyxis
The production of fruit without fertilization
parthenocarpy
Main organelle involved in photosynthesis
Chloroplastid
Lens shape organelle bound by a double membrane
chloroplast
Ratio of chlorophyll, a and chlorophyll B.
3:1
A structure made up of four simple pyrrole nuclei, joined by carbon linkages
porphyrin ring system
Three part ways of CO2 reduction
Calvin benson cycle (RUbp)
C4 or hatchslack pathway (PEP Carboxylase)
Crassulacean acid metabolism (fixation of c02 during the night)
anatomy of leaves in c4 plants
kranz-type anatomy
Stages of respiration
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport System
Produces pyruvate
Glycolysis
Pyruvic acid to acetyl co enzyme-a
Krebs cycles
NADH and FADH to ATP
Electron Transport System
enzyme activity doubles every
10C
the loss of water from plants through water vapor
TRanspiration
energy required to convert water to gas
539 cal per gram
loss of water through the epidermis (5-10%)
cuticular transpiration
loss of water through numerous pores in the outer layer of a woody plant stem
lenticular transpiration
loss of water through stomata
stomatal transpiration (90%)
transport of solutes and photoassimilates
Translocation
Main photosynthates being translocated
sucrose
sucrose movement can be aided by
boron
the process of utilizing food
assimilation
ability of a sink to accumulate assimilates
sink strength
Interrelated aspects of development
growth
differentiation
organization
outward sign of selective gene action
differentiation
irreversible change in time
Growth
orientation and integration of the differentiated cells
organization
Regulatory effect exerted by one part of the plant on the growth and development in another part.
correlation
recurring evetn or oscillation with properties not directly reflecting environmental fluctuations
endogenous rhythm
steps in plant movement
perception
transduction
response
Involved biochemical and biophysical changes, which occurs in response to perceive stimulus
transduction
2 categories of plant movements
tropic movements
nastic movements
Plant movement that is determined by the direction of the environmental stimulus.
tropic movements
leaf is always nearly at the right angle to the sun
solar tracking
Plant movement that is triggered by an internal timing mechanism and the direction of destiny, the direction of the movement.
nastic movement
bending up of leaves
hyponasty
bending down of leaves
epinasty
folding of leaves in response to light
nyctinasty
folding and rolling of leaves in response to water
hydronasty
response to touch
thigmonasty
Crop adaptation that is exemplified by the presence of metamorphosis or special organs
Morphological adaptation
Crop adaptation that is exemplified by the closing of stomates
Physiological adaptation
Crop adaptation that has to do with biochemical changes with some bearing on certain survival mechanisms
Biochemical adaptation
Organic substances other than vitamins and nutrients, which are active in very minute amounts
Phytohormones
plant hormone that promotes cell elongation.
Auxin
Amino acid on which IAA is synthesized.
Triptophan.
Plant hormone that stimulates stem elongation, germination of seeds and maleness
Gibberellic acid
Gibberellic acid is synthesized from
mevalonic acid
Plant hormones that releases lateral buds from apical dominance.
cytokinin
Most common Cytokinin base in plants
zeatin
Ethylene is synthesized from
methionine
Plant hormone that enhances stomatal closure and Seed dormancy
ABA
The growth in lowest supply sets the capacity for yield
Liebigs law of minimum
The rate of a process is limited by the slowest factor
Blackman’s theory of Optima and limiting factors
Plant growth increased with additional increments of a limiting factor, but not in direct proportion
Mitscherlich law of diminishing return
Germination with Cotyledon above ground
Epigenous
Germination with Cotyledon below ground
Hypogenous
Condition on which seed can germinate because of unfavorable conditions
Seed quiescence
Types of primary seed Dormancy
Exogenous - coat imposed dormancy
endogenous dormancy -
Dormancy imposed by the environment
Secondary seed dormancy
Dormancy due to one or more suitable factors in the environment with none specific effect
Eco Dormancy
Dormancy due to physical factors or biochemical signals originating externally to affected structure
Paradormancy.
Dormancy regulated by physiological factors inside affected structure
EndoDormancy
Any treatment that removes the seed coat or alters it, making it more permeable to water and air
Scarification
Types of scarification
Physical mechanical and chemical
Is the placement of seeds between layers of moist, sand, soil or sodas to soften the seed coat
Stratification
The production of viable seeds without pollination
Apomixis
Plant that reproduces only by asexual reproduction
Obligate apomictic.
Plant that can reproduce sexually or asexually
Facultative apomictic
detouching of organs from mother plant
Separation
Procedure wherein specialized vegetative structures are cut into sections
Division
Underground organ consisting of a short, fleshy, usually vertical system axis bearing at its apex, a growing point or a flower primordium.
Bulb
Arial plantlet
Bulbil
swollen base of a stem axis enclosed by dry scale leaves
Corm
miniature corm
Cannel
pan of a plant at the surface of the ground from which new shoots are produced
Crown
leafy shoot originating from auxiliary buds borne at the base of a plant
Slip
a portion of a stem or a root
Cutting
propagated from root cutting
bread fruit and Apple
propagated by stem cutting
Coffee
propagated by leaf cutting
snake plant
begonia
African Violet
propagated from Leaf bud cutting
black pepper and vanilla
propagation method by which adventitious roots are induced to form on a stem while still attached to the mother plant
Layering
a piece of stem inserted between Scion and the root stock
Interstock
Grating while still attached to the motherplant
approach grafting or inarching
changing the top of inferior plants
top working
Detached scion is leafless
splice grafting
like splice grafting but the type of cuts used vary
cleft grafting
scion is joined at the side
side grafting
used when the stem of stock is much larger than the scion
bark grafting
budding used in species that produce bark
patch budding
buddign used in actively developing stem whose bark can be separated from the wood
shield of t budding
bonding method that is used when the bark of the stem adheres closely to its wood
chip budding
genetic design of a plant which dictates the ceiling of how much a variety can yield
Genotype
the seasonal pattern of a particular place of pouring from year to year
climate
the momentary state of the atmosphere brought by the combination of elements
Weather
climatic environment 1 meter above the plant canopy
Macro climate
climatic environment 1 meter below the plant canopy
Micro climate
Desert plants
Xerophyte
land plants
Mesophytes
Aquatic plants
hydrophytes
29 days without rain of atleats 0.25mm
absolute drought
15 days no rain of atleast .25 mm
partial drought
fore very 100 meter in height there is 0.6 C decrease
Normal wind speed in ph
7.2 km
Important wavelength of light for photosynthesis
Red and blue
Important wavelength for photoperiodism
far red and red wavelength
effect of light on photosynthesis
Photoenergetic effect
effect of light on plant development
Photocybernetic effect
plant response as conditioned by day length
Photoperiodic effect
sun loving plants which ssturates at about 5000 candles
Heliophytes
Shade loving plants that saturates at about 500 candles
Sciophytes
toxic substances on air pollution
lead, sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, HF
strong winds with speed greater than 21 kilometers per hour
typhoon
refers to the soil as a factor in crop production
EDAPHIC FACTORS
relative proportion of sine silt and clay
Soil texture
refers to the clustering of the soil particles into characteristic aggregates of various sizes, shapes and stability
Soil Structure
pillar-like with level tops soil structure
Prismatic structure
pillar-like with level tops soil structure
Prismatic structure
pillar-like with rounded tops
COlumnar structure
cube-like and has more or less sharp edges
Blocky structure
has edges which are more or less rounded; like the blocky structure; typical in clayey subsoils particularly in humid regions
Sub-angular blocky structure
has disc-like aggregates; commonly found in virgin soils and subsoils;
Platy structure
rounded aggregates which are more porous; characteristic of surface soils especially those high in organic matter content
Spheroidal structure
resembles cookie crumbs; commonly found in surface horizons where roots have been growing
Granular / Crumb
The mass (dry weight) per unit volume of soil
Indicator of soil porosity
Bulk Density
The range of bulk density values for sand and sandy loam soils is
1.20 to 1.80 g/cm3
The range of bulk density values for clay, clay loam and silt loam
1.0 to 1.60 g/cm3
Ph in the PH
5.5 to pH 6.5.
nutrients that become unavailable when the PH is too low
Ca, Mg, K, P, Mo, N
at high PH micronutrients become unavailable except for
molybdenum
the totality of all carbon-containing compounds in the soil derived from either plants or animals
Soil Organic Matter
mportant role in the preservation of
species and in biodiversity conservation
Pollinators
a collective term that includes pests diseases, weeds, invertebrates and vertebrates
Pests
The latest development in biotechnology
Genetically Modified Organisms
examples of transgenic crops
corn, tomato, soybean, cotton and potato
Science, art, and business of crop improvement for human benefit
Plant Breeding
collection of a large number of genotypes of a crop species and its wild relatives
Germplasm collection
taking a genotype or a group of genotypes of plants into new environments where they were not being grown before
Introduction
mating of individuals related by ancestry
Inbreeding
cross between an inbred and an open-pollinated variety
Topcross
cross between a plant or line and a tester
Testcross
a cross between a hybrid and one of its parents;
Backcross
open pollination in isolation among a number of selected genotypes arranged in a manner that promotes random mating
Polycross
mating of two individuals in which each is used as the male parent and in one cross and the female parent in the other
Reciprocal cross
crossing individuals belonging to the same species
Intraspecific cross
crossing distantly related individuals
Wide or distant cross
repeatedly backcrossing interspecific hybrids to one of the parental species leading to the transfer of some genes from one species to another
Introgressive hybridization
Types of heterosis
- Mid-parent heterosis
- Heterobeitiosis
- Standard heterosis
the ability of a genotype to transfer its desirable traits to its progeny
Combining ability
average performance of a strain in a series of crosses
General combining ability
deviation from performance predicted on the basis of general combining ability of parent lines
Specific combining ability
loss of vigor due to inbreeding
nbreeding depression
an individual with one genotype in some of its parts and another genotype in other parts
Chimera
increasing ploidy level to more than two identical or distinct genomes
Polyploidization
Production of transgenic plants
Genetic Engineering
when adaptive individuals in the populations are selected under a constant environment through the years; keeps the population constant and eliminates the deviants
Stabilizing or normalizing selection
Change towards a particular direction due to changing environments
Directional selection
leads to either formation of subpopulations differing in their characteristics
Diversifying or disruptive selection
monogenic or oligogenic traits; show discrete or non-continuous variation
Qualitative traits
polygenic, metric or measurable traits;
Quantitative traits
polygenic, metric or measurable traits;
Quantitative traits
sum of genotypic variance, environmental variance and GXE variance
Phenotypic variance
sum of additive and non-additive types of gene action
Genotypic variance
effect of environment on the phenotype
Environmental variance
change in ranking and/or performance of genotypes when grown in different environments
GXE interaction
a portion of the phenotypic variation among individuals that is due to genetic differences among them
Heritability
estimated from the ratio of the total genetic variance to the phenotypic variance
Broad-sense heritability
estimated from the ratio of the additive portion of the genetic variance to the phenotypic variance
Narrow-sense heritability
difference between the mean performance of genotypes selected from a population and the overall population mean
Selection differential
increase in mean performance of a population that is realized with each cycle of selection
Gain from selection
Process of assessing the performa nee of newly developed lines of a crop
EVALUATION
Process of assessing the performa nee of newly developed lines of a crop
EVALUATION
may test separate groups of experimental lines; uses incomplete block design or triple lattice design with 2-3 replications in one location
Observational yield test
evaluation including a check variety using incomplete block design with 2-3 replications in at least 2 locations
Preliminary yield
uses randomized complete block design with 3 replications in at least 3 locations
General yield test
elite lines from general yield tests evaluated using randomized complete block design with 4-replications in 6-10 locations
Advanced yield test
seed multiplication of an entry after it has been identified for release;
- MULTIPLICATION
the seed produced by the breeder after a strain is identified but before it is released as a variety
stock seed
first generation offspring of a cross between two individuals differing in one or more genes
Hybrids
seed mixture of strains, clones, inbreds, or hybrids, maintained by open-pollination for a specified number of generations
Synthetics
mixture of genotypes from several sources, maintained by normal pollination
Composites
a pureline originating by self pollination and selection
Inbreds
composite of isolines
Multilines
lines that are genetically similar except for one gene
Isolines
variety maintained by natural cross pollination
Open-pollinated variety
fanmer-selected cultivated forms
Landraces
is the sum total of hereditary material or genes
present in a species
germplasm
genetic source material used by plant
breeders to develop new cultivars
plant germplasm
an integrated system of plant
and animal production having site specific applications
Sustainable agriculture
A system of crop production in which the producer tries to
minimize the use of chemicals for the control of crop pests
Biological farming/ecological farming
emphasizes on
many of the forces within liiving nature, identifying many of
these factors and describing specific practices and
preparations that guide the decomposition process in manure
and compost
Biodynamic farming by rudolf steiner
involves no tillage, no fertilizers, no pesticides, no weeding, no
pruning and remarkably little labor by careful timing of
seeding and combination of crops
Natural farming
means saving the
world, employs technology involving beneficial microorganisms
and inoculants to increase the microbial diversity,
health and yield of crops
Kyusei Nature Farming by terouhiga
unique design that produce efficient low-maintenance
integration of plants, animals, people and structure applied at
the scale of a home garden, all the way to a large farm
Permaculture coined by bill morison
a production system
which avoids or largely exclude the use of synthetically
compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and
livestock additives
Organic Farming firstu sed by lord northbourne
form of agriculture that aims to enhance regeneration of
renewable resource to achieve a sustainable form of
agriculture
Regenerative agriculture
management strategy that employs detailed site-specific
information to precisely manage production inputs
Precision farming
is a highly organized integrated set of operation which exist
in a complex of natural, social, political and economic
environment
Farm
refers to crop or
animals (including fish) production in paddy fields
Lowland Farming System
refers to the growing of crops
and/or animals in relatively flat or plain areas where water is
not regularly available
Upland Fanning System
involves the culture of crops and ~nimals i.n
any combination, together with a woody perennial
Agro-forestry
this is concerned more on agricultural areas of higher
elevation of at least 800-1000 m above sea levels. These are
characterized with relatively lower temperatures throughout
the year.
Highland Farming System
the practice
of growing profitable crops without irrigation in areas which
receive an annual rainfall of 500mm or even less
Dryland Farming System
Refers to the pattern or arrangement of crops in time and
space, as well as the process of growing them.
Cropping System
growing of more than one crop on the same land in one
year.
Multiple Cropping
growing of two or more crops in
sequence on the same field within a 12 month
period
Sequential cropping
the development of a new crop without
replanting from buds on the root system
Ratoon cropping
It is the growing of two or more crops simultaneously
on the same field
Intercropping
cultivation of such crops which have different natural
habitat and zero competition
Parallel cropping
intercropping where the production of both
intercrops is equal to that of its solid planning
Companion cropping
Cultivation of two or more than two crops of different
heights simultaneously
Multi-storey
The yields of both crops are higher than of their pure
crop on unit area basis.
Synergetic cropping
Rainfall average in PH
2553 mm
temperature in high elevation PH
13.2 - 24.6
temperature in low elevations PH
23.3 - 31.5
for
every 100 m increase in elevation, there is a corresponding
.6 decrease in temperature
Cool season crops
cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower
Warm season crops
rice, banana
Tropical crops
coconut
Sub-tropical crops
citrus
Average wind speed in PH
7.2 km/hr
Photoenergetic effect
on photosynthesis
Photocybernetic effect
on plant development
Photoperiodic effect
plant response as conditioned
by daylength
Heliophytes
light saturated at 5000 lux;
Sciophytes
shade-loving; light saturated at 500 lux;
Day neutral plant
banana, citrus, coconut, corn, tomato
Short-day plant
coffee, rice,
sesame, soybean, winged bean
Long-day plant
aster, castor oil,
onion, radish
average RH in PH
82%
dry from
November to May, wet from June to October; !locos,
Occidental Mindoro, Antique, Negros Occidental
Type 1
maximum rain period is from November to
January; Bicol, Samar, Leyte, Surigao, Agusan, Davao
Type 2
dry from february to april; cagayan nueva viscay, capiz, cebu, negros oriental, masbate, mt. province
Type 3
rainfall is distributed throughout the year;
Isabela, Bohol, Cotabato, Lanao, zamboanga, Bukidnon;
Type 4
considered as the father of modern tillage
Jethro Tull
pH is stable, high N
mineralization, P, K, Si, and Mo are less available, Cu and
Zn are not affected, less generation of gases
Upland
increase in pH in acid soils and decrease in pH in alkaline
soils, slow N mineralization, P, K, Si, and Mo are available,
Cu and Zn are reduced, generation of gases and organic
acids
Lowland
tillage carried out in the standing crop
Inter tillage
it is a basic tillage strategy that entails
practices in which some crop residue remains on the soil
surface after the operation
Conservation tillage
A system that leave crop residue to serve
as mulch,
Mulch tillage.
A system of cropping whereby
a crop is seeded directly into a seedbed not t illed
No tillage
entails the disturbance of narrow strips in the soil where
seeding is done. i
Strip tillage
It involves considerable soil
disturbance but to lesser extent than conventional tillage.
Minimum tillage
A small band of soil on the ridge is tilled.
Ridge tillage
tillage pattern on where ends up with a large cut out furrow in the center - difficult
to drain and get an even depth of cultivation
Circuitous pattern
tillage pattern is the most field efficient
Up and back/Headland pattern
tillage pattern on where the plowing begins to the center of the field
Land system
staminate and pistillate flowers on the
same plant
Monoecious
staminate and pistillate flowers on different
plants
Dioecious
perfect and staminate flowers on
the same plant
Andromonoecious
Naturally self-pollinated
Beans, peas, lettuce, tomatoes
Cross-pollinated
Crucifers (cabbage, cauliflower, radish),
Root crops, carrots, beets, parsnips, onions
Partially cross-pollinated
Eggplants, peppers, celery, cucurbits
shorten time between sowing and seedling emergence
chitting
involves seed
imbibition in a temperature-controlled, dilute, aerated
solution of an organic or inorganic osmoticum;
Osmoconditioning/Seed priming
acclimatization or adaptation to the harsher field
environment by withholding moisture and reducing temperature
for 7-14 days prior to transplanting
Hardening
planting depth should not be deeper than 10x the diameter of the seed
even spreading of seed on top of
seedbed;
Broadcasting
depositing seed in a row at a uniform depth in a
seedbed using equipment
Drilling
seeds are sown raised beds with
continuous irrigation water and seedlings are ready for
transplanting in 25-30 days
Wetbed method
pre-germinated seeds are sown in
cemented or puddle soil covered with banana leaves or plastic
sheet. Seedlings are ready for transplanting in 10-14 days.
Dapog method
seedbeds are prepared followed by sowing of seeds.
Seedlings are ready for transplanting in 20-40 days.
Dry-bed method
onion
bulb
colacasia
corm
eichornia
offsets
banana and ginger
rhizome
strawberry
stolon
potato
tuber
are produced from the notches of the margin
of intact leaves
Bryophyllum
plantlets
are fleshy storage food
in the floral leaves and drop from the parent plant to
the ground, give out adventitious roots, and develop
into new plants
bulbils
missing organ is allowed to
regenerate on detached vegetative part so that a
complete plant is formed;
Cutting/cuttage
rooting a shoot or branch
which is still attached to the mother plant
Air layerage/Marcotting
joining of two plant parts with the objective
of having the parts united so they can continue to
grow as one;
Graftage
using naturally detachable organs from
the mother plant as planting materials
Separation
cutting the modified organ into sections or
pieces with each piece having at least two buds
Division
a small amount of tissue from a
suitable part of the parent plant is excised and grown
on a nutrient medium under aseptic conditions;
Tissue culture
It is a procedure for gathering pertinent information about a seed, its capacity for establishing a stand of seedlings.
Seed Analysis/Testing
Seeds are arranged in rows and rolled up. The rolled
material is placed in a germinator at 90% RH at 26°C for 16 hour, then another 8 hours at 30°C for one to several weeks.
Rug doll method or rolled-towel test
Seeds are sown in previously sterilized soil
Seedbox method
Seeds are placed in absorbent material in the dish.
Petri dish method
a colometric test in which the biochemical reaction
causes the test solution to change color under certain
conditions. Respiring and viable seeds will change color to red;
dead or non-respiring seeds remain colorless.
Tetrazolium Test
exposing young plants slowly to the outdoor
environment
Hardening
rows of trees or shrubs that protect crops from
strong winds
Windbreak
transfer of seedlings from overcrowded container
to another container
Pricking
removal of plant parts to attain a specific objective
(preventive, formative, corrective, rejuvenative)
Pruning
cuts are made at the terminal portion of the
plant
Heading-back
complete removal of any number of branches.
Thinning-out
removal of some fruits to minimize inter-fruit
nutrient
Fruit thinning
bending, twisting, and tying of plants to support ,
structures
Training
providing support to bunches or stalks which tend
to bend due to heavy load of fruits
Proppin
use of Ethrel to stimulate latex production of old rubber trees
Latex stimulation
wounding trunk of mango tree
to release ethylene);
hacking
smoky fire below mango tree
canopy
smudging
long days, high
temperatures, gibberellin
maleness
short days, low
temperatures, auxin and ethylene
femaleness
time isolation at least 3 weeks difference in time flowering
water is directly applied on soil
surface over the root zone
Basin method
One large sack of composted organic material should
be sufficient for an area of about
10 sqm
fertilizer is applied in a strip 2-3 cm beneath
and to the side of the location of the seed during
seeding.
Band application
application of fertilizer be done at final harrowing,
done either by hand or with the use of a “cyclone
spreader”
Broadcast
placement of fertilizer along the rows near
the base of the plant
Sidedressing
N fertilizers are applied to juvenile crops
wherein fertilizer is broadcast over the growing plants
Topdressing
placement of fertilizer-centered mudballs
in flooded soils
Localized placement
Organic fertilizers (compost)
1-7%N, 2-13%P20 5 and 1-10%
K20
speed up decomposition of compost
materials
Trichodermaharzianum
water fern that grows symbiotically with
blue-green algae;
Azolla(Anabaena azolla
ideal ph range of soil
6 - 6.5
is a natural erosion process that
leads to soil formation and processes that maintain the soil
in a favorable balance suitable for crop growth
Geological erosion
ions move with water without metabolic
involvement; the characteristics of the apoplast
Passive nutrient uptake
ions cross the plasmalemma with the involvement of
metabolic energy from ATP and ions move from one cell to
another through the plasmodesmata
Active nutrient uptake
Macronutrients -
C, H, 0, N, P, K, ca, Mg, S
Micronutrients
Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cl, Ni
Component of nucleic acids, phytin, coenzymes, adenylases; regulatory function of synthetase
reactions
Phosphorus
Osmoregulation; activator of certain kinases, synthetases, lyases; required for protein synthesis;
intearal comoonents of proteins sulfolipids 5-coenzymes, 5- and Fe-S proteins
Potassium
Component of pectates, regulatory protein (calmodulin); regulates ion transport, senescence,
membrane permeability activator of numerous enzymes
Calcium
Intearal component of chlorophyll Mg-ATP activator of phosphorylation RuBP carboxylase
Magnesium
Constituent of several coenzymes vitamins essential for metabolism and two amino acids
Sulfur
Components of Fe- and Fe-S proteins cvtochromes and ferrodoxins
Iron
Activator of several oxidases and lignin synthesis
Copper
Activator of carbonic anhydrase alkaline phosphatise hexokinase and alcohol dehydrooenase
Zinc
Activator of amino peptidase~· activator of photosynthetic evolution of oxygen (Hill reaction
Manganese
Component of nitrate reductase· essential for nitrogenase in bacteria for N2 fixation
Molybdenum
enzymatic regulation of growth and
development
Boron
Activator of photosvstem II· participates in electron transport in chloroplast
Chlorine
Integral component of urease enzyme
Nickel
The separation of the economic yield
Harvesting
refers to the movement of farm products
or operations through which the commodities undergo from harvest
to possession by the final consumer
Postharvest handling
Harvesting – packing house (sorting/grading, cleaning, or
primary processing, packaging, etc) - transport - storage -
marketing – consumer
practices and operations from
harvesting to consumption; aim is to deliver good quality products
Postproductiontechnology
original plant part can still be recognized
Primary processing
conversion of produce into more stable
forms that can no longer be changed into other forms
Secondary processing
types of secondary processing
Heat sterilization
Dehydration
Fermentation
Freezing
low moisture content (less than or equal to
14%); corn, rice, mungbean
Durables
high moisture content (80-95%); fruits,
vegetables, ornamentals
Perishables
harvested at optimum maturity and
ripened after harvest;
Climacteric
continuously declining rate of
respiration from maturation to the end of senescence;
Non-climacteric
signs or indications of the
readiness of the plant for harvest;
Maturity indices
process of hastening the peel color change from green to
orange or yellow of citrus fruits which have attained full flavour and
aroma.
Degreening
the fleshy edible pulp adhering to seeds of fruits as in
rambutan, durian and lanzones
Aril
process of toughening and self-healing of bruises and skinned
areas in root and tuber crops
Curing
cutting or killing of potato vines a week before harvesting
Dehaulming
the process of classifying into groups according to a set of
recognized criteria of quality and size
Grading
commercial maturity
Horticultural Maturity
the rapid cooling (48 hr. or less) of
a commodity to a desired transit or storage temperature soon
after harvesting before it is stored
Precooling
the process of classifying of commodity into groups,
designated by the person classifying the produce either
according to a set criteria or whatever criteria he may desire.
Sortin
the process of formulating and issuing grade standards in the
country or industry.
Standardization
browning of t issues about a centimeter below the peeled
surface of a cassava viewed cross-sectionally.
Vascular streaking
leafsheaths are removed in abaca
Topping
is the separation of the strong mechanical bundles from the
weaker fibrovascular bundles.
Tuxying
extending many points on a plane
Line
outline that an object creates; 3D
effects
Form
visual roughness or smoothness
Texture
visible pattern of the design
Color-
allows us to see a variety of intensity in
colors, textures, lines, and shapes
Light
defines the boundary of a
landscape
Volume or space
illusion of equilibrium around a real
or imaginary central axis
Balance
arrangement of planes that will produce
a single, harmonious design
Unity
using the same size, color,
texture, or form of material
Repetition
transition from one area to another
Sequence
break monotony due to
too much repetition
Contrast/Variety
break monotony due to
too much repetition
Contrast/Variety
focus on dominant or accent
features
Emphasis
relative size of plants
and objects with a particular reference
Scale and proportion-
pleasing relationship of objects
within a landscape
Harmony
plants used to cover the
ground to minimize erosion
Ground covers
low growing plants used to
define pathways and shapes of planting areas
Edging plants
plants of special beauty or
unusual quality grown to be exhibited alone
Specimen plants
one or more plants
used as prominent features in the garden
Accents/ Focal point
plants that
provide security and privacy
Barriers/Screens/Hedges
dense shrub grown near
or along a building
Foundation plants
