ANSCI Flashcards
the act of giving birth
parturition
parturition in cows
cal;ving
parturition in sows
farrowing
parturition in mares
foaling
parturition in goats
kidding
parturition in ewes
lambing
act of fertilization
conception
female parent
dam
ability to give birth to offspring
frequently or numerous young at frequent intervals
Fecundity/ prolificacy
ability to produce fertilizable ova and to provide
proper environment for and initiating cell division and
embryonic development;
fertility
pregnancy time from conception to birth
gestation
failure to copulate
impotency
sexual maturity, as exhibited by first heat or
ovulation
puberty
the male parent
sire
inability to produce normal young
sterility
the ability of an animal to pass on either
good or bad traits to its progeny
transmitting ability
the process of separating the young from its dam
weaning
young animal, after separation from its dam
weanling
the study of the form and structure
anatomy
Are structures found outside the body which an integral part
of the organ systems located internally
external anatomy
Are organs and organ systems which functions in a wellcoordinated
manner to enable survival, growth and
reproduction
internal anatomy
the study of function of the parts or organ systems of
the body
physiology
the maintenance of static or constant conditions in
the internal environment
homeostasis
Basic unit of the nervous system
nerve cells or neurons
a gap between two neurons
synapse
transmit nerve
impulses from the effector organ to the spinal cord or
brain
afferent or sensory neurons
transmit nerve impulses
away from the brain or spinal cord or towards muscles
or glands
efferent or motor neurons
conduct impulses from an afferent
neuron within the central nervous system
interneurons
the main processing unit of the body
central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
is composed of nerves emerging from the CNS
peripheral nervous system
divisions of the peripheral nervous system
Somatic and Autonomic/Visceral
- supplies & receives fibers (neurons) to & from the skin,
Skeletal muscles, joints, & tendons - brings about quick adjustments of the muscles to changes in
The environment
Somatic nervous system
- supplies & receives fibers to & from smooth muscle, cardiac
Muscle, and glands - made up of visceral motor fibers (those supplying smooth
Muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands)
Autonomic nervous system
important for control of
‘normal’
Body functions
parasympathetic division
also called the ‘fight or flight’
Division; important in helping us cope with stress
sympathetic nervous system
a branch of physiology dealing with the
coordination of various body tissues by chemical mediators produced
enodcrinology
a substance or chemical mediator produced by the endocrine
glands
hormone
classification of hormones
polypeptides
glycoproteins
amines
steroids
Chains of amino acids, each less than 100
amino acids long (insulin)
polypeptides
A polypeptide chain, longer than 100 amino
acids, attached to a carbohydrate (FSH and LH)
glycoproteins
Hormones derived from the amino acids tyrosine
and tryptophan. (catechloamines)
Amines
example of catecholamines
adrenaline and nor adrenaline
Lipids derived from cholesterol (corticosteroids)
steroids
secreted from the adrenal gland balance
solutes, such as glucose and salt, in the body.
corticosteroids
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
posterior lobe of pituitary glands
nerohypophysis
intermediate parts of the pituitary gland
pars intermedia
function of hypothalamus
- Control of the autonomic nervous system
- Reception of sensory impulses from the viscera
- Intermediary between the nervous and endocrine system
- Control of body temperature
- Regulation of body intake
- Thirst center
- Part of the limbic system-emotions such as rage and
aggression - Part of reticular formation
Maintains the level of metabolism n the tissues optimal for
the
Normal function
thyroid gland
pituitary gland is also called
hypophysis
increases the basal
metabolic rate of an individual
T4 or thyroxine
along with T4
stimulates the oxygen consumption of most of the cells in
the body, and helps regulate lipid and carbohydrates
metabolism
T3 or triiodothyronine
imple goiter; lack of thyroxine secretion
due to
Iodine deficiency in the diet
hypothyrodism
excess thyroid secretion causes
thyrotoxicosis
graves desease
Located near the thyroid gland
produce parathyroid hormone
parathyroid gland
increases the level of
Calcium in the blood by mobilization of calcium from the bones, and
Enhancement of Ca and P absorption from the intestinal tract
parathyroid hormone
oversecretion of STH vefore adulthood
Gigantism
Oversecretion of STH after adulthood
acromegaly
Deficiency of STH
Dwarfism
target organ of STH
bones and muscles
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocortlcoids such as cortisol, cortisone and
corticosterone
ACTH
ACTH maintains size of
zona fasculata and zona reticularis
Stimulates prod ction of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 by thyroid follicular cells, maintains size of
follicular cells, increase in metabolism
Thyroid Stimulating hormones
Stimulas the ovary to produce graafian follicle In the male, it regulates spermatogenesis In the testis by maintaining the integrity of the
seminiferous tubules
Follicle stimulating hormone
Stimulates ovulation in the maturing graafian follicle and the formation of the ovarian corpus luteum
Stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone
Stimulates testosterone production by the testis
Luteinizing hormone
Stimulates production and maintains milk secretion in lactating mammary gland
Prolactic or Leuteotrophic hormones
Skin pigmentation (melanin)
melanocyte stimulating hormone
Stimulates milk ejection in lactating females
Contraction of the uterus at parturition for fetal expulsion
oxytocin
maintains body water through reabsorption
vasopressin or antidioretic hormone
target organ of ACTH
adrenal cortex
target organ of Thyroid stimulating hormone
thyroid gland
target organ of FSH
ovarian follicle
target organ of LH
ovarian follicle
target organ of prolactin
mammary gland
target organ of MSH
skin
target organ of oxytocin
mammary gland and uterus
target organ of vasopressin
kidney
the adrenal gland is divided into
cortex and medulla
(secreted by zona fasciculate and zona reticularis)
Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
glucocorticoids
list of glucocorticoids
cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone
(secreted by zona glomerulusa)
Regulates mineral metabolism and water balance;
regulates sodium metabolism by reabsorbing sodium
from the kidnev tubules
aldosterone
Emergency hormone, increase heart rate,
vasoconstrictiont
epinephrine (adrenalin)
Maintenance of blood pressure
norepinephrine
cells that secrete
pancreatic
Juices with digestive enzymes
acrinar cells
cells that produce insulin
beta cells of the pancreas
cells that produce glucagon that stimulates glycogenolysis
alpha cells of the pancreas
Located at the duodenal loop of the small intestine
pancreas
produce male gametes (sperm)
testes
produces female gametes (ova)
ovary
female gonads produce
estrogen
progesterone
relaxin
cardivascular system consist of
heart, blood and blood vessels
contraction of the heart is initiated by the depolarization of
sinoatrial node
the aortic arterial pressure
rises to its highest point
systole
the aortic arterial pressure
falls to its lowest point
diastole
prevents backflow of blood
from the ventricle to the atrium during ventricular systole
atria-ventricular valve
prevent backflow of the
blood from the blood vessels into the ventricles during diastole
aortic valves and pulmonary valves
the valve on the right
tricupid
the valve on the left
biscuspid (mitral)
the cardiac pacemaker
sino atrial node
SEQUENCE OF HEARTTBEAT\
contraction of the atria (atrial systole), followed
by the contraction of the ventricles (ventricular systole), then diastole (relaxation of the heart muscles)
the arterial palpation of a heartbeat
PULSE
where to get cattle heart rate
maxillary and coccygeal artery
where to get goat heartrate
femoral artery
where to get horse heart rate
maxillary artery
heartrate of cattle
54
heart rate of goat
78
heart rate of horse
38
heart rate of chicken
200-400
the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away
from the heart
artery
arries unoxygenated blood back to the heart
vein
supplies blood to the heart
coronary circulation
supplies arterial blood into the liver
hepatic circulation
supplies arterial blood into the brain
cerebral circulation
supplies arterial blood into the kidney
renal circulation
supplies arterial blood into the digestive
tract
splanchnic circulation
blood is composed of
blood cells and plasma
the fluid portion of the blood containing a number of ions, inorganic molecules, and organic molecules which are in transport of other substances
blood plasma (3-5% of body weight)
three types of blood cells
leukocytes
erythrocytes
thrombocytes
the
most numerous; main function is to phagocyte
granulocytes
types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
large and non- nudear; actively phagocytic
moonocytes
mostly formed in the lymph nodes, spleen
and thymus; believed to produce antibodies and counteract
toxins
lymphocytes
carries oxygen for distributi,on to the different tissues
erythrocytes
a complex conjugated globular protein containing iron
responsible for its oxygen-carrying property
hemoglobin
leads to local vasoconstriction
serotonin
is essential for blood dotting
thromboplastin
- Composed of lymph node, lymph vessel, and the lymph
- Carries fluid from the tissue spaces into the blood
lymphatic system
Bean-shaped small bodies of lymphoid tissues located in
strategic points in the body through which the lymph passes
on its way to the bloodstream
lymph nodes
A system of vessels draining from the lungs and from the
rest of the body tissues ending in the venous system
Lymph vessels
- An interstitial fluid
- Derived largely from the blood and in similar composition
with blood plasma
Lymph
The lymph flow in the lymph vessels is unidirectional, from
the tissues toward the heart
Refers to the structure involved in the exchange of gases
between the blood and the lungs and other organ systems
RESPI RATORY SYSTEM
the oxygen from the environment is
taken in
inspiration
carbon dioxide, a metabolic product is
expelled during respiration
expiration
the normal quite respiration
Eupnea
difficult breathing
Dyspnea
the cessation/stopping of respiration
apnea
the increased rate/depth of breathing or both
Hyperpnea
the rapid , shallow breathing
Polypnea
completely separates the abdominal cavity and ,he
thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
respiration of carabao
24-27
respiration of cattle
27-28
respiration of fowl
15-30
respiration of horse
27-28
respiration of pig
29 - 30
respiration of sheep
35-38
-includes the digestive tract and its associated glands
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The seizing and conveying of feed into the mouth
prehension
The principal prehensile structures are
lips teeth and tongue
another term for chewing
mastication
In ruminants, most of the mastication of coarser feed particles
occurs during the process of
rumination
The mixing of feed with saliva
insalivation
The mechanical breakdown of feed and the consequent
chemical changes brought about by digestive juices, bacteria
and protozoa
digestion
A complex protein produced in living cells that causes changes
in other substances within the body without being changes itself
enzymes
protein to
polypeptides
pepsin
Transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to
the circulatory (blood, or lymph) system
absorption
produced saliva which contains water
to moisten food;
salivary glands
lubricate food for easy swallowing
mucin
common passage for air and feed
pharynx
a muscular tube which connects the stomach to the
mouth; allows passage of food from mount to stomach
esophagus
a muscular organ which is the site for feed storage, grinding
and mixing of feed, absorption, enzymatic action and microbial
fermentation
stomach
an active site of digestion that receives
secretions from the pancreas, liver and intestinal walls.
duodenum
middle section of IS that is involved in nutrient
absorption.
jejunum
last section of the IS - also involved in nutrient absorption
ileum
converts starch to maltose
Pancreatic amylase
continue protein hydrolysis.
Proteolytic enzymes
Bile is produced by the liver, and stored and secreted by the gall bladder (not present in the horse). Bile aids digestion in the small intestine by emulsifying fat particles
organ not present in the horse
gall bladder
first section of LI which is relatively large in the horse and
rabbit; when well developed as in the horse contains many
bacterial which produced enzymes that digest fiber
cecum
middle section of the LI which is involved in reabsorpti n of
water; length is related to amount of water reabsorption of water; length is related to amount of water reabsorption.
Colon
last section of the LI
Rectum
produces digestive enzyme needed in the
digestive processes that take place in the small intestine
pancreas
secretes bile needed for the emulsification of fat in the
small intestine
liver
a general term for those possessing a single
stomach compartment
non - ruminant
ruminants can produce can all of the essential amino acids and B-complex vitamins
Mouth - esophagus - reticulo- rumen -
omasum - abomasum - small intestine - large intestine - rectum - anus
process of regurgitation
rechewing, reinsalivation, and reswallowing
“balls” of feed out of masticated
feed particles
bollus
the main site of microbial fermentation of feeds; the largest of
the four compartments; located predominantly on the left side;
the muscular walls secrete n,o enzymes and are covered by
projections called papillae which are required for absorption of
nutrients
rumen
Has 2 functions (1) to move food into the rumen or omasum
and (2) collection of dense particles of food and in
regurgitation of ingesta during rumination
reticulum
- A round muscular organ which contains many muscular
laminae (sometimes called manyplies) - Further grinds and reduces the feed into finer particles before
the feed enters the abomasum
omasum
- The true stomach of the ruminants
abomasum
direct milk obtained from sucking to escape
microbial digestions in the rumen
Esophageal groove
the process which permits an animal to forage and
ingest feed rapidly, then complete chewing at a later time
rumination
(belching of gas) allows for removal of large volumes of
gas produced in the rumen
eructation
nephron consist of
glomerolus, Bowman’s capsule, renal tubules,
descending and ascending loop of Henle, and distal tubules
female immobile haploid gamete (sex cell)
ovum
Produces the ova and secretes the female sex hormone
estrogen
ovary
Picks up the egg when released by the ovary at the time of ovulation
-shpaed like a funnel
infundibulum
The site of fertilization and site of early embryonic
development
oviduct / fallopian tube
The site of implantation and serves in a nutritive and
productive capacity for the developing embryo
uterus
The neck of the uterus
A passage way of semen and protects the uterus from
foreign materials
cervix
A tube extending from the cervix down to the vulva
Receives the penis in copulation
vagina
common passage for the baby and urine
vulva
rudimentary organ situated ventrally to the vulva
-homologous to the glans penis in the male
clitoris
in birds the testis is located in the body cavity
tube that connects the vas efferentia to the vas deferens
-place of maturation of the spermatozoa
epididymis
propels the spermatozoa from the epididymis to the urethra
vas deferens
common passage of semen and urine
urethra
enlarge portion of the vas deferens
ampulla
paired glands that produce high fructose secretion
seminal vesicles
unpaired gland that produce a viscous secretion that stimulates sperm activity (sperm odor)
prostate gland
a small paired gland located on either side of pelvic urethra
cowpeas gland
lifespan of sperm in chicken
14 days
indication that sexual maturity is reached
puberty
the interval from the beginning of one heat period (estrus) to the
start of another heat period
estrous
the period between regression of the corpus
luteum (CL) and estrus, when follicular develoPment is
occurring and estrogen production is increasing;
proestrus
he period of sexual receptivity, due tJ high levels o
estrogen;
estrus
the phase following estrus when the CL forms
and begins to produce progesterone
metestrus
the phase when the CL is highly active in its
production of progesterone
diestrus
the animal comes in heat only once a year; ex. Dogs
moestrous
comes in heat in certain seasons only; ex. Sheep
seasonally polyestrous
comes in heat throughout the year; ex. Cattle, swine, carabao
polyestrus
The best time to inseminate is towards the end of estrus.
Cattle and carabao - ovulation takes place about
15-18 hours from
the end of estrus
estrus duration in carabao lasts from
5 -36 hours (18 hours
average)
Swine - estrus duration is about
2-3 days
Mares - estrus duration is about
6 -7 days
the sperm cells reside in the female
reproductive tract before becoming capable of attaching to and
penetrating the ovum
sperm capacitation
a fertilized cell in which the genetic materials of the sperm
and ovum are combined
zygote
both parents expel their gametes into
another medium, such as water, without necessarily coming into
contact with each other
esternal fertilization
the male deposits sperm inside the
female reproductive tract.
internal fertilization
The embryo formed inside the female is deposited
outside her body as an egg.
oviparity
The embryo develops inside the female body,
although it still obtains all nourishment from the egg yolk. he
young hatches fully develoiPed and are released from the
female’s body.
Ovoviviparity
The embryo develops inside the female’s body
and the young obtain their nourishment from the female’s
blood, rather than egg yolk.
Viviparity:
incubation period in quail
16-19
incubation period in pigeon
17
incubation period in chicken
21
incubation period in mallard duck
28
incubation period in turkey
28
incubation period in geese
30
incubation period in muscovy duck
36
incubation period in rabbit
32
incubation period in swine
114
incubation period in sheep
147
incubation period in goat
148
incubation period in cattle
20
incubation period in carabao
316
estrus in rabbit
15-20
estrus in swine
18-24
estrus in sheep
17
estrus in goat
20-21
estrus in cattle
21
estrus in carabao
22-24
the period of time from conception to birth of
the offspring
gestation period
basic unit of protein
amino acid
basic unit of starch
glucose
cellulose
volatile fatty acids
basic unit of sucrose
glucose and fructose
basic unit of lactose
glucose and galactose
basic unit of lipids
fatty acid and glycerol
water makes up to ____ % of body weight at birth
65-85
water makes up to ____ % of body weight at maturity
60%
carbohydrate is made up of
C (40%), H (7%) and o (53%)
Fat will yield _____ times more energy than carbohydrates or
proteins
2.25
fat is made up of
C (77%), H (12%) and O (11%)
catabolism of body tat
ketosis
location of fat
Subcutaneous, surrounding internal organs,
Marbling and milk
protein is made up of
C (53%),
H (7%), 0 (23%), N (16%) and P (1 %)
crude protein = %N x 6.25
refers to the amount and ratio of essential amino
acids present in protein
protein quality
lsit of essential amino acids
Phenylalanine Methionine
Valine Histidine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
list of non essential amino acids
Alanine
Asparagines
Aspartic Acid
Cysteine
Cystine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Hydroxyproline
Proline
Serine
tyrrosine
The total mineral content olf plants or animals is often called
ash
major minerals
Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S
Trace minerals
Cu, Zn,
Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se,
Essential for development of normal tissue necessary for
metabolic activity but do not enter into structural portion of
body
Vitamins
dat soluble vitamins
ADEK
water soluble vitamins
thiamine, riboflavin, niacin,
pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, folic acid
Promotes the development of visual pigments
Indespensible for the protection of epithelial tissues
Vitamin A
Regulates the Incorporation of ca and P Into the bone matrix
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is also called
calciferol
works as a biological antioxidant
Functions in nucleic acid metabolism and in endocrine
glands
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is also called
Tocopherol
Functions in the blood coagulation system;
Acts in the maturation of the bone structure
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is also called
menadione
Participates in the process of carbohydrates metabolism
Vitamin b1
Vitamin B1 is also called
thiamin
Acts in the respiratory chain as a constituent of the flavin enzymes concerned with hydrogen transfer
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B2 is also called
Riboflavin
Active in amino add metabolism as a coenzyme of several enzyme systems
vitamin B3
Vitamin B3 is also called
pyridoxine
Essential in the reduction of one-carbon compounds in the fat and protein metabolism
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is also called
cyanocobalamin
Necessary for gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis where it acts in carboxylation reactions
Biotin
Biotin is also called
Vitamin H
Acts In the one-carbon metabolism where It Is indispensable in the formation of amino acid and nucleic acids
Folic acid
Acts as an active group of different coenzymes which are related to the citric acid cycle
Nicotinic acid
Nicotinic acid is also called
niacin
Part of coenzyme A, which occupies a central position n the intermediary metabolism by activating weakly active acids
Panthotenic acid
Essential in the formation and maintenance of skeletal
tissues participates as an oxidatio
Vitamin C
80% if body phosphorus is in the bones and teeth
As a component of the vitamin B12 molecule
In the rumen synthesis of vitamin B12
Cobalt
Functions in
Iron absroption
hemoglobi nformation
synthesis of keratin
Copper
Reduces incidence of dental caries in humans and possibly other animals.
Flourine
In the production of thyroxine by the thyr.oid gland
Iodine
Necessary for hemoglobin formation
Essential for the formation of certain enzymes related to oxygen transport and utilization
Iron
In enzyme systems influencing estrus, ovulation, fetal development, uddeir development, milk production and growth and skeletal development.
manganese
As a component of enzyme xanthine oxidase - especially important to poultry for uric acid formation.
Molybdenum
Stimulates action of rumen organism
In vitamin E absorption and utilization
seem to work in concert with
vitamin E in the maintenance of normal cell functions and
membrane health
Selenium
Prevents parakeratosis
Promotes general thriftiness and growth
Promotes wound healing
Related to hair and wool growth and health
Deficienc im airs testicular rowth and function
ZInc
refers to the.- minimum
energy expenditure to maintain essential life processes
Basal metabolism or Fasting Catabolism
A broiler starter and pig starter mashes may require more than 20% protein Whereas the
hog/finisher mash may contain only 14% protein
The practical measure of growth performance of farm animals are
average daily gain in weight (ADG) and feed efficiency (F/G).
constitute a large portion of expenses in any livestock
enterprise
list of roughages
Alabang X
Centrosema/Kudzu/calopogonium
Guinea grass
Ipil-ipil
Kakawate/madre de cacao
Napier grass
Para grass
Star grass
Rice straw
Corn stover
Setaria
List of concentrates
Banana meal
Blood meal
Bonemeal
Casava meal
Coconut oil
Copra meal
Corn grain
Dicalcium phosphate
Di-methionine
Fish meal
Limestone
L- lysine
Meat and bone meal
Molasses
Monodicalcium phosphate
Oyster shell
Rice bran
Salt
Sorghum
Soubean oil meal
Skimmilk
Tricalcium phosphate
Urea
Wheat pollard/wheat bran
Whey
Alabang X
Dicanthium aristatum
Guinea grass
Panicum maximum
Ipil-ipil
Leucaena Leucocephala
Kakawate/madre de cacao
Gliricidia septum
Napier grass
Pennisetum purpureum
Para grass
Brachiaria mutica
Star grass
Cynodon plectostachyus
most extensively used method
for determining the nutritive value of feeds;
Proximate analysis/ Weende analysis
determined by accurately weighing finely ground
sample before and after drying to constant weight at 105C for
at least 5 hours
Moisture
a residue that includes all ether soluble substances
such as waxes, essential oils, and pigments but is mostly fat
and fatty acid esters
Crude fat
rough measure of the portion of carbohydrates
poorly used by monogastric animals
Crude fiber
the total nitrogen multiplied by a factor 6.25
based on the data that protein contains as average of 16%
nitrogen
Crude protein
the residue remaining after combustion
Ash
the branch of biology that deals with the principles of
heredity and variation in all living things
genetics
e Father of Genetics; an Austrian
monk who conducted breeding experiments on garden peas
(Pisum sativum L.) ,
Gregor mendel (1866)
independently
rediscovered the works of Mendel in 1901
Hugo de Vries (in the Netherlands), Carl Correns (in Germany)
and Erick Von Tshermark (in Austria)
english biologist who studies the
inheritance of certain characteristics of the chicken, showed that
the Mendelian laws also applied to animals
William Bateson (1906)
Danish biologist, coined the term “gene”
Johannsen (1909)
two young scientists
of Cambridge, University of England, hypothesized the chemical
nature and function of the gene which is now universally
accepted;
James Watson and Francis Crick (1956)
Improvement with the performance of the animals brought
about by selection assuming that the environment is
favourable
genetic improvement
what consists a nucleotide
phosphate (P), and sugar (S), and a base (B)
threadlike structures found in the nuclei of the cell
Chromosome
A segment of the DNA which determines the base sequence of
nucleotide in the messenger ribonucleic acid (m-RNA) that
makes up the code for a certain biological function
Gene
the mechanism of cell division by which the genetic and
chromosome composition of a cell is faithfully reproduced in each of
the daughter cells
mitosis
refers to the specific combination of genes that are
associated with a particular characteristic of the individual
Genotype
the totality of non-genetic factors affecting the
individual
Environment
the observable manifestation of a given character of an
individual
Phenotype
Gene may be active only when they occur in pairs of alleles during
the diploid phase.
Gene action
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene which are
usually recognizable by the phenotype
Allele
directly responsible for the synthesis of certain
biochemical products during cell metabolism
Structural genes
control or regulate the function of other genes
Regulator genes
a pair of allelic genes contribute independently to
the genotypic value; Ex. Inheritance of the roan coat color in
cattle
Additive
a gene suppresses the expression of its allele, the former is
called the dominant gene while the later is referred to as the
recessive gene
Dominance
interaction of between two or more genes so that one of
them ( epistatic gene) interferes with or even inhibits he
phenotypic expression of the other gene (hypostatic gene)
Epistasis
allows the flow of the genetic material from
generation to generation
animal reproduction
the process of producing the reproductive cells
gemetogenesis
the process of differentiation of a mature
sperm cell from an undifferentiated germ line cell, including
meiosis;
Spermatogenesis
the process of differentiation of a mature egg cell
from an undifferentiated germ line cell, including meiosis;
Oogenesis
mature reproductive cell capable of fusing with a similar
cell of the opposite sex to form a zygote; also called sex cell
Gamete
the male gametes of animals
Spermatozoa
the female gamete
Ovum
the fusion of two gametes of opposite sexes to form
a zygote or an embryo
fertilization
The process of segregation and recombination of genes is governed purely by chance and that the occurrence of each new combination may be predicted according to the rules of Probability.
The Mendelian inheritance
states that the unit of hereditary characters
occur in pairs, and that in the information of gametes during meiosis,
these separate from each other so that only one member of the pair
goes into the particular gamete
Alw of segregation
states that genes for the different
characters are inherited independently from each other and randomly
combine during meiosis
Law of independence
a measure of the tendency of some genes to be inherited
as a group rather than individually because of the proximity of their
loci in the chromosome
Linkage
A place at which gene resides on the genetics or linkage map
Locus
carry genetic material but do not determine sex
Autosomes
determine the sex of the individual
Sex chromosomes
genes that are located in the sex chromosomes
Sex-linked genes
Sex linked traits
Haemophilia, Color blindness, Barrign plumage pattern, dwarfism
the totality of genes that could potentially be transmitted by individuals in a population to the next generation
gene pool
A group of individual sharing a common gene pool
population
the genetic composition of most populations is in a flux
statement that in an indefinitely large population undergoing random mating, the and genotypic frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (1908)
a state of a population where no change may occur
equilibrium population
process in which certain genotypes contribute more progeny in the
next generation than other genotypes
selection
a spontaneous change in the biochemical structure of the gene
resulting in an entirely different phenotypic effect.
mutation
Because of certain physical, physiological or psychological factors,
some individuals tend to mate more often together than with
some other individuals
individuals that are more phenotypically similar tend to mate more often
assortative non-random mating
individuals which are less
phenotypically similar tend to mate more other together than
would be expected by chance;
Disassortative matings:
individuals that are related by descent tend to
mate more often than under random mating;
inbreeding
economically important traits of beef cattle
post weaning rate and marbling
economically important traits of dairy cattle
milk and butter yields, and milk total solids
economically important traits of goat
multiple births. weaning weight, and milk yield
economically important traits of sheep
fleece weight and fiber diameter
economically important traits of horse
galloping and trotting speed and length, and jumping style
A record of an individual’s ancestors related to it through its
parents
pedigree
Process in which some individuals are chosen over others as
parents of the next generation
selection
Measures the proportion of the total phenotypic variance that
are attributable to the additive effects of genes that influence
the given trait
heritability
In general, traits that are associated with reproduction (e.g.,
fertility and litter size) have lower heritabilities than those that are
associated with physical conditions (e.g., body weight and backfat
thickness).
heritability of spotting
.9
heritability of adult body weight
.6
heritability of milk production
.3
heritability of percent of ham
.5
heritability of litter size
.2
heritability of egg size
.7
heritability of chiken adult body weight
.4
heritability of egg production
.2
The mating between animals of different established breed
cross breeding
increase the rate of reproduction of the females that are selected to
serve as embryo donors to as much as 30 to SO times
Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
a process by which the female animals is
induced to simultaneously ovulate more eggs than what is normally
shed
Multiple ovulation
a technique wherein a young embryo is collected
from a donor female parent and then implanted into the uterus of a
recipient female parent
Embryo transfer
Slaughtering steps
stunning, bleeding up to
skinning and evisceration
butchering steps
splitting and quartering, to cutting the carcass
into the retail cuts
less than seven months
boar is fit for slaughter.
Barrows and gifts have no distinct differences in meat quality.
Meats from castrated hogs are fatter than their female and
uncast rated male counterparts of the .same age.
recommended age of swine
6-12 mos
recommended age for cattle
3 years
recommended age for goat
a year
In beef, marbling increases up to 30 months but beyond this
age limit, it is already stationary.
Beyond 42 months of age, meat from young and
old animals is already equal in terms of tenderness’.
recommended fw for pigs
80 - 110 kg
recommended fw for cattle
300- 450 kg
are utilized for the production of quality lechon or
roasted pigs
shotes
The average dressing percentage of swine in the Philippines,
head off is about
69%
the total trimmed lean cuts amount
to
36%
beef and carabeef dressing percentage
48%
total lean yield of beef and carabeef
34 and 33%
dressing percentage and lean yield of goats
43 and 27%
dressing percentage and lean yield of goats
43 and 27%
indicative of high lean cut and
low fat cut yields
wide loin eye
fat percentage for comminuted products
30-40%
Feed is withdrawn but sufficient water is given
fasting
cut the arteries 3-5 minutes after stunning
cutting of the entire backbone of the carcass
splitting
done by qualified meat inspector
to determine if the meat is fit for human consumption
post-mortem inspection
the carcass chilled at 0-4°c for 24 hours before
fabrication to allow the rigor mortis to pass
dipping the carcass in hot water to loosen up hairs
and scarf; the water temperature must be maintained at 54
to 84°c;
removal of hair using a scraping knife
scraping
chilling in swine takes
12-24 hours
chilling in cattle and carabao takes about
36 -48 hours
the process of stunning and sticking in
the singed method is followed but the skin is not utilized
for food.
Flayed method
properly dressed flesh derived from mature animals in good
condition at the time of slaughter
meat
the body of any slaughteired animal after bleeding and
dressing
carcass
the cross sectional area of the longissimus dorsi
muscle of pork/beef.
loin ear area
meat from an animal that has not undergone any
substantial physical, microbiological and chemical change from the
time of change
fresh meat
the amount, character and distribution of fat in the carcass.
finish
cuts of pork composed of the loin, ham and shoulder
lean cuts
Cuts of meat handled in small quantities and which
may be prepared for the table without further cutting and trimming
retail cuts
meat cuts that are handled in bulk and usually
require further cutting before these are prepared for the table.
wholesale cuts
weight of a cut of meat in its fresh state before
curing or processing
green weight
uncured smoked hanns
green hams
any mark or stamp approved by the controlling authority
brand
formation of green color in the skin and other
collagenous tissues as a result of excess nitrite
greening
hazard analysis critical control points the fat granules
HACCP
meat deboned before the development of rigor
mortis
Hot boned meat
meat from an unaccredited slaughterhouse, or obtained
from illegal source of meat
hot meat
ox, one year old and above
beef
carabao beef
carabeef or caraveal
goat meat
chevon
horse meat
horse meat
sheep meat, less than one year old
lamb
sheep meat, one year old and above
mutton
pig meat
pork
ox meat, less than one year old
veal
deer meat
venison
meat is composed of
lean, fat, bones and connective tissues
meat is defficient in calcium
cutting carcasses into standard wholesale and retail cuts
meat fabrication
to firm up the meat and check on the growth of
microorganisms (2-4 C for 24 hrs)
chilling
removes excess fat, parts with blood clot and bruises;
includes deboning when necessary
trimming
curing ingredients are applied (rubbed) i n
dry form; ex. Tocino,tapa,bacon
dry cure method
imilar to dry cure but the ingredients
are dissolved in water; ex. Corned beef, chicken ham
sweet pickle method
Ingredients are dissolved in water and
injected to the meat; ex. Cured ham
all injection method
injection method is combined with
either dry cure or sweet pickle method; ex. Cured ham
combination method
Relatively good dairy cows in the Philippines and in most of the
tropics correspondingly yield only about
8-12kg a day
A common “rule of thumb” is to feed one kg of reasonably good concentrate mixture for every 2.5 kg of milk in excess of 5 kg if the forage is of good quality.
milk is composed mainly of
water, fat, protein, lactose, and ash
milk is a rich source of calcium, riboflavin (B2), vitamin B12, iodine and
phosphorus
contains all the essential amino acids
he most abundant protein constituent of
milk.
casein
milk protein is composed of globulins, casein and lactalbumin.
is the most variable milk constituent.
milk fat
a sugar of milk
lactose
process of heating milk to a certain
temperature for a certain period of time required to destroy any
pathogenic microorganisms
pasteurization
Whole milk
► Upon drying: whole milk powder
► Upon sepration: cream and skim milk
Cream
► Upon churning: butter and buttermilk
Butter
► Upon evaporation: butteroil or anhydrous milk
Buttermilk
► Upon drying: buttermilk powder
Skimmilk
► Upon drying: skimmilk powder or non fat dry milk
► Upon acidification or additioin of rennet: cheese (add case·n)
and whey
Whey
► Upon drying: whey powder
whole milk from which about 60% 0f the water
has been removed and contains not less than 25.8% total milk solids
and 7.8% milk fat
Evaporated milk
milk which has been treated in such a manner
as to ensure break-up of the fat granules
homogenized milk
The principal factor affecting egg shell quality is
dietary calcium
Low dietary calcium levels, less than 2.0 percent, decrease egg
shell quality in chickens.
popular poultry species
Chicken
Duck
Quail
fowl order that don’t have true phallus (copulatory organ), v-shaped
breast
galliformes
fowl order that have true phallus, v shaped breast
anseriformes
v shaped breast
phallus
fowl order that have flat breast
struthioformes
fowl order that secrete milk
columbiformes
chicken SI
Gallus gallus
Mallard duck SI
Anas platyrynchos
Muscovy duck SI
Cairina moschata
Turkey SI
meleagris gallopavo
Quail SI
coturnix coturnix
Pigeon SI
columba livia
Geese SI
cygnopsis cygnoides
Swan SI
olar columbianos
Ostrich SI
Struthio australis
Peafowl SI
Pavo cristatus
Pheasant SI
Phasianus colchicus
Guinea fowl SI
Numida meleagris
The exact ancestry of the present-day chicken is not known
a native of
Southeast Asia.
Red jungle fowl.
(gray jungle fowl)
Gallus sonerati
Ceylonese jungle fowl
Gallus /afayetti
Javan jungle fowl
Gallus varius
Hen of the wild jungle fowl is 0.9 kg in weight and lays
only a few eggs
Modern hen weighs 1.5 to 2.0 kg at 6 weeks of age and
lays as much 320 eggs
A group of chicken processing certain conformation or shape of body that distinguishes then from other chikens
breed
a group of chiken that has the same plumage color and type of comb
variety
a group of chicken within a vriety that has constatnt specific sections of certain traits
strain
exampleo f egg class chikens
laghorn, minorcas, anconas, mikawa
examples of meat class chicken
brahmas, cochin, langshans, cornish and white rocks
examples of general purpose class chicken
new hampshire, rhode islang red, ply mouth rock, lancaster, nagoya and cantonese
examples of fancy class chicken
frizzle, bantams, long tailed
example of fightin class chicken
ruble, hulsey, claret and oasis
classficiation of chiken of which they are classified according to their geeographical origin
standard classification
american class chicken examples
Plymouth Rock, Wyandottes, Rhodes Island Reds, New
Hampshire, Land Caster
examples of asiatic class chicken
Brahmas, Cochin, Langshang, Cantonese,
Nagoya.
examples of mediterranean class chicken
Leghorn, Minorcas, Anconas
Mediterranean origin are of the egg type breeds
There are 189 varieties and about 40 breeds of chickens recognized
by the American poultry association as of 1953 based on registry.
Egg production is the older scheme of poultry production
engaged in by many research.
Broiler chicks are grown for a period of only about 6 to 7 weeks.
The organ in the wall of the cloaca that places the sperm
inside the female’s reproductive tract
papilla
Receives yolk from ovary, where sperm is stored,
and fertilization takes place
infundibulum
Secretes the thick white of the egg (3 Hours)
magnum
2 shell membranes are placed around the yolk and thick
white (1 ¼ Hours)
isthmus
Thin white and outer shell are added to the egg (20 Hours)
uterus
Completed egg is stored for a short time till laid (Total: 25-27 Hours)
vagina
A hen who is laying on her eggs is referred to as
broody
temperature and humidity for egg incubation
97-102- 60%
Eggs are turned 3-5 times daily to prevent embryo from
sticking to the inside of the shell
candlign is done in
4th or 5th day - to remove infertile eggs
13th day or 14th day and on the 18th day - remove dead
embryos
brooding lasts for
4 weeks
type of brooder that is composed of compartment called
tiers constructed on top of another, each compartment
equipped with separate heater and provisions for feeding and
drinking
battery type brooder
type of brooder that can be elevated slatted floor
cage brooder
temperature for chicken growing period
75 or cooler
first few days of brooding, lighting the chicks
throughout the night (24 hours light) is favorable for growth
because there is eating time if food is available.
sources of heat for crooders
electricity
LPG
Infrared lamp
kerosene lamp
charcoal
Never increase light during growing period and
never decrease light during the laying period
small eggs is also called
pullet eggs
Under local conditions where there is only slight variation in day length, it is recommended day must not exceed 11 - 12 hours
during the growing stage (4 - 18 weeks) of the developing pullets.
The addition of 5-10% of sugar in the drinking water can be done for the first 6 - 8 hours during the arrival of the day old chick (DOC)
medication for day old chicks
mareks vaccine (mass method /spray)
medication for 5-12 day old chiken
NCD or avian pest vaccine (Intranasal or introcular)
medication for 21 day old chiks
NCD (via drinking water)
medication ofr 6-8 week chicken
fowl pox (wing web method)
his is a system of raising
poultry where the birds are provided w/ shed or housing & an
area to graze or pasture.
sem; -confjnement system
the modern trend in raising
commercial strains.
complete - confinement
more
land area required, this system is commonly practice by native
chicken growers & by duck raisers
Range System
Birds tend to lay eggs early when feed of high protein content.
6 -14 weeks / Grower ration / 16% protein
14 - 20 weeks / Pullet developer ration / 14% protein
completely full feed wastage
30%
2/3 full feed wastage
10%
1/2 full feed wastage
3%
1/3 full feed wastage
1%
Feeding through should not be filled more than 1/3 to
prevent feed wastage. The feeder should be replenished 3-4 times a day to stimulate feed consumption.
The surest sign of sexual maturity is the laying of the 1st egg.
4 to 6 weeks old; slatted or litter floor
brooder house
4 or 6 weeks old to 14-16 wks. Old; slatted or
litter-floor
growing house
14-16 wks onwards;
layer house
Layer ration will generally contain a 15-18% protein level.
Mature laying hens will consume about as low as 90 grams to as high as 140 grams a day.
The egg is about 65 to 70 % water.
Oviposition (the act of egg laying) takes place normally as early as
7:00 a.m to as late as 4:00 p.m.
Programs of replacement can vary from a set of one flock
every 3 months
Feed is the biggest item in the operational cost.
Only broiler of one being raised and all of them are sold at
the same time.
All-in-all out system
Two age groups of broiler are being kept in the farm.
Two stage operation
Two age groups of broiler are being kept in the farm.
Two stage operation
This is similar to the two stage broiler operation except that there should be more units to facilitate as many stages or accommodate various ages of broilers
Multiple stage broiler operation
Broilers strains marketed in the Philippines
a. Anak 2000
d. Cobb
g. Peterson
b . Anak 180
e. Pilch
h. Ross
c. Arbor acre
f. Starbro
i . Avian
moratlity rate fo broiler production 5%
dressing percentage of broiler
70%
is a wild hog of continental Europe from which most
domestic swine have been derived.
sus scrofa
was the chief, if not the only species of the East Indian
pig that contributed to domestic swine.
sus vittatus
Luzon Warty pig SI
Sus philippinensis
Palawan Bearded pig SI
Sus barbatus
-It is known as the longest breed of swine ( 16 to 17 ribs).
-This breed is known for its prolificacy and mothering ability
under Philippine condition.
-Weak legs and pasterns especially on the hind leg
Landrace
First Landrace swine was developed in Denmark for the
production of high quality bacon
-They not only farrow or raise large litters, but are greet milkers.
-are relatively short and with big belly and they tend to develop carcasses with excess back fat.
-entirely white in color.
Yorkshire or largewhite
-Is considered a superior breed in terms of growth
rate and feed efficiency. It has a good muscle quality and is probably the most resistant to stress.
-Unsound front and hind legs that may lead to stiff gilt or lameness are also encountered in some animals.
Duroc
The Duroc breed of hogs had its origin in the eastern
United States and in the Corn Belt.
-This breed may be appropriately called the “muscle” pigs because it is well known for its outstanding muscle development in the ham, loin and shoulder.
-The backfat is very thin. The motherly ability is well within acceptable level.
Pietrain
-The msot striking characteristic is the
white belt around the shoulder and body including the
foreleg.
-Feed efficiency, length and ham-loin percent of this breed is excellent.
-Low liter size at birth and at weaning, poor mothering
ability and latte maturing
Hampshire
The color is black with six white points, four white feet, one point on the forehead; and another on the switch of the tail.
short and sometimes upturned nose
Berkshire
- South-western Ohio in the fertile area known as the Miami
Valley. It is also known as the “Hot Type” of “big Type
Poland China.”
-is black in color with six distinct white points, the four feet, poll of the head and switch of the tail.
Poland of China
-From China, considered Taihu pigs, deriving their name from the
Taihu Lake
* Slow growing and fat, but have a very good taste, resistant to
some diseases
-known for its wrinkled face and skin.
-perhaps one of the most prolific breeds of pig in
the world
meishan
upgrade of native pigs (Batangas) with Berkshire
diani
upgrade of native pig (Batangas) with Duree
kaman
5/8 Berkshire and 3/8 Jalajala pig (Rizal)
berkjala
½ Large White ¼ Landrace ¼ Native
miracle pig
Do not have distinguishing physical characteristics which
differentiate them from other group of pigs.
Hybrid pigs or synthetic breeds
examples of hybrid pigs
Babcock, Camborough, Cotswold, Hyper,
Seghers, Minnesota No.1, Nieuw Dalland
This type of operation starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to produce
pigs weanlings, which are sold to other raisers who grows then until
the marketable weight is achieved.
Farrow to feeder operation
This type of operation starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to produce
pigs weanlings, which are sold to other raisers who grows then until
the marketable weight is achieved.
Farrow to feeder operation
The producer in this type of operation also starts with a pregnant
gilt/sow to produce the breeders stocks, specifically junior boars and
replacement gilts.
Farrow to finish operation
The swine raiser in this type of operation starts with
feeder/weanlings and carries them to slaughter, weight of
about 80 to 90 kg.
Growing-Finishing Enterprise
The producer in this type of operation starts with a young
boar, which he grows and trains to breeder age.
Board-for-Hire-Enterprise
A board will generally produce 1 5 to 20 times as many
offspring per year as do breeding female in the herd.
A period of at least 1 to 2 months before the breeding
season begins is enough time for the boar to get adjusted
to the new environmental
characteristic of a good boar
-At least 6 pairs of rudimentary teats (NOT FUNCTIONAL),
not inverted
-2 big equally-sized testicles (NOT 2 PAIRS)
-Strong legs
-Strong slightly arched back
-Toes not uneven (NO SMALL INSIDE TOE)
provides an opportunity to observe the new
boars sexual behavior and his ability to serve the ‘{lilt
normally.
Test Mating
Feed boars 2.3 to 3.0 kg of ration with 13 to 14% crude
protein.
In the tropics, voluntary water consumption may be as h1gh
as 4 to 5 liters of water per kg of air-dry feed
The pen measurement is 0.6 m x 2.1-m with a height of 1 . 1
meters. If the boar pen doubles as the service area, “allow
between 5 to 7 square meters of floor area.
A boar should start serving at 8 months of age.
junior boar breeding frequency
day - 1
week - 5
senior boar breeding frequency
day - 2
week - 7
In a multiple farrowing program, the recommended number of boars needed for a given sow population is as follows:
a. Two ervices per sow per heat period.
15 sows or less - One boar if boar is at least 15 months old
15 - 25 sows - Two boars
b. One service per heat period
20 sows or less - One boar if young boar
30 sows or less - One boar if boar is at least 15 months.
Under good management, sows have tremendous capability to
produce 2.3 liters per year or over 20 pigs annually.
Plan to replace 40 to 55 percent of your herd annually, if your
herd age is five litters or less.
Increasing the daily feed intake of gilts by 0.5 kg to 1.0 kg
for 10 to 14 days before service
Flushing
Breed gilt at eight months and at 110-120 kg.
Each sow should be served twice. Boars that serve twice in
a day with a day rest between breeding, an allowance
should be made for one boar a sow during the week.
The operator checks for heat and takes the female in heat
to the boar
hand mating
a boar runs with a group of females.
Pen-mating
The operator should approacti the sow
from behind and rub her sides and thigh.
Haunch-Pressure Test:
This technique is applied by ridi g or merely
pressing the back of the animal.
Riding-the back-test
This test is particularly important in
artificial insemination although it can be applied in naturalbreeding.
semen-on-the-snout test:
Allowing a boar but preferably one that has been
vasectomized to mount the sow.
Teaser boar
Use of chomping sounds of the boar
Sound Test
The estrous cycle of pigs ranges from 17 to 24 days, with an average of
21 days
normal gestation length of the swine is 114 days
with a range of 109 to 119 days. Or simply put, 3 months, 3
weeks & 3 days.
Be careful when mixing gilts with mature sows and keep group
size at no more than five or six per pen.
Normally, 1.8 to 2.3 kg of balanced 14 percent crude protein
ration will meet the daily nutrient requirements and free of
heavy parasite infestation.
The growth of the developing embryos increases rapidly in the
final third of pregnancy.
The greater demand for feed in the last trimester of
pregnancy can be satisfied by increasing the level of feeding to
at least 15 percent level of 2.0 kg for primigestation and light multigestation sows, and 100/o for the fully grown or heavy
multigestation sows.
The weight loss at farrowing (litter weight and fluids) is about
22-27 kg
A sow body weight should be about 163 kg after weaning for
each successive reproductive cycle.
Sows to farrow are seen through a
facility in a continues flow with no break f r total room
sanitation.
Continues farrowing
Sows to farrow are seen through a
facility in a continues flow with no break f r total room
sanitation.
Continues farrowing
Groups of sows due to
farrow during the week are brought into individual roomsc ove
a short time period.
All in. All Out Batch Farrowing System
Deworm sows 10 to 14 days before
transferring them to the farrowing stalls.
The presence of milk when the teats are
stripped indicates that the sow will farrow within 24 hours.
difficulty in giving birth
dystocia
difficulty in giving birth
dystocia
Causes of Difficulty on Birth
► Lack of uterine intertia - 37%
► Fetal Impression - 35.5%
► Obsturction of the Birth Canal - 13.0%
► Deviation of the Uterus - 9.5%
► Hysteria - 3%
► Oversized fetus - 4%
Inflammation or Infection of the Uterus
Metritis
Inflammation of the Udder
Mesatitis
Inadequate Supply of Milk
Agalactica
Usually it takes about 7 days from farrowing for milk
production and feed requirements of the piglets to justify
liberal feeding of the sow
Recommended level of air dry feed/head/day for
lactating sows and gilts
4.5-5kg
A sow with 12 suckling pigs should receive 2.0 kg feed for
maintenance plus 1.0 kg for every three piglets in the litter or
a total of 6.0 kg per day.
straw bedding is still the most effective means
of providing the baby pigs with comfortable
environment
Correct environmental temperature is most critical during the
first 6 days of post natal life when the thermal -insulation of
the pig is at its lowest.
- The capacity of the pig to regulate body temperature starts to
improve gradually only on the 7tri day onwards up to the 201t1
day when full important to provide the baby pigs supplemental
heat to prevent serious losses from chilling
baby pigs prefer a temperature ranging from 30-31 C
Tie the umbilicus about 1 to 2 inches from the base with a
sterile thread
Pigs are born with 4 pairs oif sharp teeth (two on each jaws)
called “black” teeth
is major problem in many commercial s ine farms
in the country.
tail biting
- This is one of the most/ common method used in identifying
individual pigs in the litter.
-It compromises of cutting a V shaped notch/es on specific
places along the borders of the ear
Earnotching
It consist of piercing outlines of desired numbers or figures on
the skin inside ear and the incorporating a black vegetables
pigment into their punctures.
Tattooing
Tags or labels are made up of light metal or strong plastic with
the number stamped on them. Tags are fixed generally to the
ear with a special tagging forceps
Ear Tagging
This disease is brought about by a deficiency iron due to
inefficient placental and mammary transfer of iron to the
piglets
Baby pig anemia
This disease is brought about by a deficiency iron due to
inefficient placental and mammary transfer of iron to the
piglets
Baby pig anemia
Paleness of gums, eyelids, lips and skin)
Pallor
(deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissue of the body)
Anoxia
(accumulation of serious fluid in the abdomen)
Ascites
The removal of the primary sex organ of the male is done
when the pigs are about two weeks from birth or earlier.
Castration
In traditional weaning the pigs are weaned at 8 to 10 weeks of
age which has been the usual practice in the past.
In conventional weaning the pigs are usually weaned at 5 or 6
to 7 weeks of age.
Early weaning as prescribed by the progressive commercial swine
operators, entails weaning at 3 to 4 weeks of age.
Included under the very early weaning (VEW) category is
artificial rearing (1 to 2 days weaning) and weaning from a
few days (3 to 7 days) from birth to2 weeks
The period from weaning to a slaughter weight of about 80 o
100 kilograms.
Growing finishing stage
The most common cause of mortality and weight setbacks in
weaning pigs
Scour Control (Diarrhea
the most commoll mite, burrow into the
upper two-thirds of the dermis.
S. Scabiet
The mites live in the hair follicles and cause a pimple like
lesion.
Demodex phylloides
The major parasites in pigs
S. Scabiet and Demodex phylloides
for hog cholera Growing-finishing pigs are best-vaccinated 2 weeks after weaning or 1 week after deworming
Giving feeds without restriction and
always available at any time.
Ad libitum feeding. Giving feeds without restriction and
Controlled amount of feed given to the
animals.
Restricted feeding
Fed
ad lib until they reach the weight of SO kg and fed restricted
until they are marketed. Maximizing the advantage of the
growth curve.
Type of Crude Protein Requirement
Ration (NRC, 1998)
Creep 2 2 - 23%
Pre-starter 1 9 - 20%
Starter 1 7 - 18%
Grower 15 - 16%
Finisher 1 3 - 14%
Gestating 13 - 14%
Lactating 1 5 - 16%
Boar 16%
Goat Scientific name
Capra hircus
Known as “biological herbicide” due to its browsing ability
goat
goats Diet: 40% grasses and 60% torbs (shrubs and herbs
Sheep Scientific name
Ovies aries
also known as Biological lawn mover
sheep
sheep is Less selective of feed offered than goats
chormosome number of goat
60
chromosome number of sheep
54
scent gland of sheep is located in hooves
scent gland of goat is located in horn and tail
goats are multi-purpose ruminants producing 58.4% milk, 35.6%
meat, 4.3% hide and 1.7% fiber
originated in Barbados Island with
African Ancestry; adapted to wide range of environment; high reproductive efficiency; hair type: sweet mutton; black colors
covers under parts completely extending up the neck and
down the insides of the legs.
Barbados Black Belly
originated in Barbados Island with
African Ancestry; adapted to wide range of environment; high reproductive efficiency; hair type: sweet mutton; black colors
covers under parts completely extending up the neck and
down the insides of the legs.
Barbados Black Belly
originated in Indonesia; primarily for ram fighting
and meat; thin-tailed; often lacks external ears
Priangan
originated in England; wool-type; believed to be
as one of the ancestors of the Philippine sheep
Shropshire-
originated in England; wool-type; meat, dark colored
feces and legs
Suffolk
originated in Spain; finest wool producer; the other
ancestor of Philippine sheep
Merino
basically a tropical breed successfully
adopted grow in the Western countries, distinguishing features
are drooping pendulous ears and a Roman nose.
Anglo-Nubian
re intended to be raised for eat and they
grow more rapidly than other goat breeds. They have a lightcolored
body and a distinction red head.
Boer Goats-
originated in Switzerland, pure white to off-white in
color and has the highest milk production among goats
saanen
from Switzerland, smaller than the Nubian and
Saanen, distinguishing feature are markings on the face, legs
and tails; erect ears like the Saanen.
Toggenburg
also a European breed; color range from off-white to
red to black.
Alpine
from Spain/Oregon; very distinctive ear types “
gopher ears”, “elf ear”
La Mancha
It is recommended to have a minimum of two
purebred or crossbreed bucks of different breeds
general buck male ratio in goats
1:35
In the Philippines, does come in-heat year round with
an average kidding interval of about 8 to 9 months.
Goats can be expected to live up to 13 to 15 years,
with an average economic lifespan of 6 to 8 years
Reproductive parameters of goat
conception rate (80)
kidding rate (8MOS)
average kidding size (1.5)
disposal age (1 year)
annual replacement rate (20%)
livability rate (to 1 yr age )
ventilation is of utmost importance in goats
goat become ssexually mature at the age of
five
goat become in heat every
18-24 days or 21 days
estrous duration in goats
18 hours
male to female ration in goats
1:25
age at first breeding female and male goat
8-12 months_ 10-12 months
difficult of delivery
dystocia
Does weaned early (4 to 5 days) usually return to heat after 1
to 2 months.
If goat male kids are to be raised for meat, castrate as early as
possible, preferably within the first month
Separate males from females at the age of four months. Goats
sometimes reach puberty at this age.
The following are some reproductive characteristics of goats:
Age of Puberty 4 to 8 months
Cycle of type Polyestrus
Cyde of Length 18 to 21 days
Duration of heat 2-3 days(secondary heat 8-12 days after
Gestation Period 150 ± 5 days
Failure to come in heat
anestrus
at national
Rural Life Center (NLRC)) in Dasmariiias, Cavite where the kid
goat, A. 1 was born.
A dehorned animal is more docile than a horned one.
the traditional way of rearing goat in the backyard with
two or more households.
tethering
the traditional way of rearing goat in the backyard with
two or more households.
tethering
Parasites rank second in causing heavy mortality. From
experience, tapeworms are the most debilitating worm
problem in all ages of
Protozoa-like coccidia and amoeba are also commo0n
problems especially in young kids.
Common Infection diseases o,f Goat
Bacterial Pneumonia
Infectious Arthritis
Mastitis
HMD
Brucellosis
Hemorrhagic Septicemia
Blackleg
Tetanus
Parasitic Gastroentiritis
Parasitic Pneumonia
Tapeworm Infection
Liverfluke Infestation
Lice Infestation
Mange
Bloat
Acute Indigestion or Grain Overload
Fever vesicles, erosion in between
hooves, coronary band junction between
skin and hoop, teats and udders oral
mucosa and tongue.
-Raw ulceration follow rupture of
vesicles, stingy or foamy salvation,
smocking of the lips, difficulty in feed ingestion; staggering gait and lameness.
Abortion in poregnant animals
HMD
-Infertility, abortion, retained placenta,
persistent vaginal discharge. In males,
swollen and painful testicles with
subsequent infertility sterility
Brucellosis
-High fever, loss of appetite.
-Respiratory distress, salivation, nasal
discharge, swelling of throat6 and
brisket congestion of mucous
membrane, diarrhea becoming bloody
later.
Hemorrhagic Septicemia
-Typically, not painful swelling in thigh
and leg muscles. Crackling sensation on
palpitation of swelling due to gas in
tissues.
Blackleg
-Early stages characterize by rigidity and
stiffness of muscles, stilthy gait.
-Late stages: with tetanic convulsions,
prolapse of third eyelid, stiff tail, head
and neck thrown back; hyperexcitability
Tetanus
marked itchiness and irritation with animals constantly rubbing or licking affected areas
Mange
swolen left flank which his resonant when tapped
bloat
The beef cattle industry is one of the least develop among
the livestock and poultry industries in the country.
Backyard farms accounts for 92% of the total inventory; 8%
are in commercial farms
to produce stockers and feeders.
- The initial and most fundamental step in the beef
enterprise is the production of the claves and raising it to
weaning age
cow-calf operation
to produce breeder stocks to be sold to other
ranchers.
Highly specialized form of beef production.
Purebred Program or Breeder Farm Operation
to add weight to the animal and increase its
value
Feedlot Fattening Operation
In Batangas, force feeding (supa or supak) of feed mixture is
a common practice among backyard cattle raisers
Modern Cattle SI
Aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius)
India thought to be the homeland of primitive cattle which latef
expanded to Eurasia and North Africa.
cattle From mountains of Tibet
Some regions of middle Asia
South Siberia
Yak (Poephagus grunniens)
cattle from India, Malay archipelago and Indochina, particularly
Burma.
(B banteng) or Ban cattle
(B frontalis) or gayal
Genus Bibos
cattle Of Europe origin such as Shorthorn or Jersey.
Without humps and therefore of temperate origins.
Bos taurus
cattle Of tropical origin such as the Brahman or Zebu of India or
Afrikander of Africa.
Hump cattle
Bos indicus
Characteristics of Zebu breeds as compared to temperate breeds:
* Large hump over top of shoulder and neck
* Large pendulous ears
* Dewlap having large amounts of excess skin
* Highly developed sweat glands (perspire more freely)
* Oily secretion from the sebaceous glands
There are 278 identifiable breeds of cattle worldwide
In the Philippines, the most impact was carried through the Brahman
christopher Columbus and others brought cattle to the
New World. They were valued mainly for milk, butter, hides and work
e only Southeast Asian breeder of the
beefalo.
Mathling Corporation of Lanao del Sur
Quantitative traits show discontinuous variations
✓ Coat color
✓ Homed or polled
✓ Certain blood characteristic
- Blood types
- Presence or absence of particular enzymes
Quantitative traits show continuous variations between the
extremes. The mean types among the characteristics are most
frequent to change. These are:
✓ Growth rate
✓ Liveweight
✓ Body measurements and maturity
✓ Milk yield
✓ Milk composition
Heritability
1.00 - show that variations observed in the population of the traits is
determined by genetics.
0.00 - variations observed in the population of the traits is entirely
due to environment
0.50 - variation is equally due to genetic and environment.
Are defined as several types of mating to combine desirable
qualitative and quantitative characteristics through mating
systems which are planned or non-random.
breeding systems
this means each
possible mating in a population has the same probability or
occurrence.
Random mating (or unplanned
mating of closely related individuals within a
breed.
Inbreeding
Effects of Inbreeding.
1. Marked decrease in fertility
2. Reduces vigor
3. Decrease in growth rate of offspring.
4. Reduces viability of the offspring
matings of close relatives e.g., father -
daughter, son - mother, brother, sister
Close breeding
matings of close relatives e.g., father -
daughter, son - mother, brother, sister
Close breeding
reeding of not so close relatives, ex,
cousins. This is a form mild inbreeding designed to
concentrate the genes of a certain ancestor of the
genetic constitution of the progeny
Line breeding
a very mild form of inbreeding which
leads to increase homozygousity within the strain in
the long term.
Strain breeding
meeting of individuals from two or more
established purebreds.
crossbreeding
the average quality of the first generation
exceeding the average of the two parental breeds.
Hybrid vigor
s displayed mainly in the fitness traits, fertility
and viability.
Heterosis
two or more breeds
are involved in a breeding program lasting several years.
This way, a crossbred which may eventually stabilized into
a breed
Systematic crossbreeding
the mating of purebred sires to
nondescript or native female and their offspring generation
after generation.
Upgrading
Sexual Maturity (bulls/heifer)
6-8 months
Estrus Cycle of cattle
18-24 days (Ave: 21 days)
Estrus duration cattle
Exotic/ European breeds- 14-18 hrs.
Indigenous/Zebu- 10-12 hrs.
ovulation period of cattle
10-14 hrs after end of estrus
AVERAGE parturition time of cattle
283 days
Bull Ejaculate: 2- 12ml of 500 or more sperm cells/ml
Sperm cells survive the oviduct up to a maximum of 48 hrs.
AI Guideline (cattle):
“Females observed in estrus in the morning, are
inseminated late afternoon of the same day. Those observed
in the afternoon, are inseminated not later than noon time
the next day.
percent of breeding
females that conceived versus the total exposed females.
Conception rate (Pregnancy)
percent of breeding females that give birth
versus the total exposed females.
Calving Rate
the average length of time (in days)
between successive calving.
Calving Interval
Is the natural cheapest feeds for ruminants and includes not
only grasses but also legumes.
Forages
Is the natural cheapest feeds for ruminants and includes not
only grasses but also legumes.
Forages
Unlike in developed countries, little amount of grain is fed
ruminants locally. Copra meal, rice bran, wheat polla d are
commonly used by-product concentrates, contain from 20% as
in case of molasses to 21 % in copra meal.
The following guidelines are re,commended for safe use of urea.
Add fertilizer grade urea at not more than:
A) 1 %of the ration (Om basis)
B) 2.3% of the concentrate mixture, (air-dry basis) or
C) 25.30% of the total dietary protein
Herd division ensures the appropriate nutrition of various age
groups of the herd.
is the manual examination of the
reproductive tract by way of the rectum and colon to
verify pregnancy in cattle.
Palpation
b. Grower - are usually maintained at the pasture with very little
attention. They are given salt and mineral supplement.
c. Fatteners - require a shorter period to reach slaughter weight.
They are generally bigger, mature, or nearing maturity.
However, one and a half to two year-old animals weighing 200-
300 kg are preferred. They may be fattened either in feedlot, on
pasture, or both areas.
Branding with hot iron is the most common method of
identifying cattle. The owner brand is placed on the animals
left foreleg.
Castration- the slit and the cap methods are both effective ways
of surgically removing testifies. Bloodless castration can also be done
with Burdizzo pinchers or emasculator.
*Castration in cattle tends to decrease the rate of live weight gain by
15% - 20%
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Apthovirus types A, 0, C Phil
Hemorrhagic septicemia
Pasteurella multocida
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Blackleg (malignant)
Clostridium chauveilsepticum
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
The protein of milk is composed of
casein, lactalbumin, globulin,
and serum albumin.
is the most abundant protein consistent of milk
Casein
is part of the enzyme system that
synthesizes lactose in the mammary gland
Lactalbumin
are structural parts of
antibodies of milk
Protein globulins
Milk is, however, low in Fe, therefore young animals consuming
nothing but milk may develop anemia.
Milk contains several important vitamins such as a vitamin A,
which help keep the intestinal tract and skin in proper repair, the
vitamin B complex, and vitamins D and E. Vitamin D is added to
most marketed milk.
Milk is low in vitamin C, which prevents scurvy
RDA (Required Dietary Allowance) for Milk for Filipinos =
30 kg
Signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos on 20
February 1995 and became effective on 12 March 1995.
The Act integrates all government dairy development
programs into the National Dairy Authority or NDA.
Dairy Development Act of 1995 (R.A. 7884)
Organized in 1962 from the Dairy Husbandry Division of
the then Department of Animal Science UPLBCA, is
mandated to conduct research and training in dairy
production and technology.
DTRI (Dairy Training and Research Institute)
Holstein and the Bos indicus breed Sahiwal, known as Australian
Friesian Sahiwal (AFS) developed in Australia, are being promoted
by the government
production
of milk is a secondary sex characteri:stic.
A normal cow can be described as one that becomes
pregnant on the first or second service and produces a live
healthy calf every 12 to 13 months
perm concentration of bull ranges from! to 3 B sperm per ml, with
an average of about 2B per ml.
In natural service a bull service 50 to 100 cows per year. In AI
it is not unusual for a bull to service 10, 000 to 20, 000 cows
per year.
in AI The semen is diluted with an egg yolk-citrate extender or milkbase
extender, and if the semen is to be frozen, glycerol.
in AI The semen is packaged in ampules or straws, frozen and
stored (usually in liquid nitrogen storage tanks) at a
temperature of -300 to -320° F (-128 to -196°c).
As long as the semen is maintained at this temperature, it
remains viable for 10 to 15 years or more.
top 3 region of carabao rearing
Eastern Visayas, Western Visayas & Cagayan
Valley
Conserve, promote & propagate the carabao as source
of draft, meat, milk and hide
- Availability of quality stocks,
Benefit from technology transfer activities on the care
and mgt of carabao and the processing of meat and
milk
Encourage backyard dairy development in rural areas
RA 7307, Philippine carabao Act of 1992 by Pres. Cory
Aquino
To protect and promote the welfare of all animals by
supervising and, regulating the establishment and
operations of all facilities utilized for breeding,
maintaining, treating or training all animals
- This law superseded the EO 626 or the carabao
slaughter ban
RA 8485, Animal Welfare Act (1997) by President Fidel
Ramos
prohibiting the slaughter of carabao
regardless of age, sex, and physical condition
purposely to conserve work animals
EO No. 8 of 1954
ocally known as 7-11, allows the
slaughter of male buffalo 7 years old and above and
female carabaos 11 yrs. Old and above
EO 626 of 1980
Philippine carabao
Cambodian
Chinese buffaloes
Light gray to gray, white bands below the jaw and
across the chest and legs
Sickle-shaped horns
1.5 -2 kg of milk/day
swamp type - Bubalus bublis, 2n = 48
Breeds: Indian Murrah
Bulgarian Murrah
Brazilian Murrah
Black or dark gray in color
- With tightly curled or drooping straight horn
Dairy type buffalo can produce 8-10 liters of milk daily
River type - Bubalus bubalis, 2n = 50
estrous cycle of carabao
21 days
breeding age of carabao
2.5-3 yr
estrous period of carabao
18 hours
ovulation of carabao
15 hours after estrus
Best time to inseminate is towards the end of estrus, in
the latter 2/3rds of standing estrus, or within few hours after
estrus
Calving interval in carabao may range from 18 to 24 months
(optimum is 14-16 months)
Lactation Period in carabao
(305 d or 10 mo)
Gestation Period in carabao
(315 d or 10.5 mo)
carabao age at first calving is about 3 to 4 years old
Phil-Murrah Crossbred (F1) (2n= 49)
At 2.5 years, the bull(carabao) is capable of breeding
a. Rumen or paunch
b. Reticulum or honeycomb
c. Omasum or manyplies
d. Abomasum or true stomach
In the rumen: end product of digestion
a. Protein - microbial protein, NPN
b. Carbohydrate - vfas (acetic, propoinic, butyric
acids)
c. Fats - fatty acids and glycerol then to propionic
acid
With hand mating, a young bull of about 2.5 to 3.5 years old
should sire only 20 females per season. This may be increased
to 30 to 40 caraheifers or caracow when bulls reach the age
from 3 ½ to 4 ½ years and older, respectively.
DESIRED OUTPUT TO PROFIT
1. Dairy production
- To produce 8-10 kg milk/day for 300 day lactation
(2,400-3,000 L/lactation)
2. Cow-calf operation
- To produce a calf every 1 ½ years with higher
survival rate
3. Feedlot Growing - Fattening
- To attain 1 kg ADG or more
- To market fattened animal after 4- 6 months of
feeding
caused by
overeating legumes
Frothy bloat (primary rumen tympany)
