Crop Production - Lab exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Three basic tissue types in a crop plat
A
Dermal, ground, vascular
2
Q
The outermost tissue
A
Dermal tissue
3
Q
the “pipelines” in the plant are known as
A
vascular tissues
4
Q
Conducts water and minerals
A
Xylem
5
Q
Transports photosynthetic products from the leaves
A
Phloem
6
Q
Regions of active cell division that give rise to the primary growth of various tissue types
A
Meristems
7
Q
located at the tip of roots and shoots
A
Apical meristems
8
Q
located at the axils of leaves
A
Axillary leaves
9
Q
Constitute the major underground portion of the plant and are specialized for anchorage, absorption, storage, and conduction
A
roots
10
Q
primary root in most monocotyledons that is usually short-lived ad the main root system developed from ________ roots that arise from nodes on the base of the stem below or just above the soil surface
A
adventitious
11
Q
In monocotyledons, no root is more prominent than the others, and the root system is known as the
A
fibrous root system
12
Q
in dicotyledons, the _______ of the embryo forms a substantial, tapering main room from which smaller ________ usually arise. This type of root system is called a _______.
A
primary root; lateral roots; taproot system
13
Q
reproductive structure in plants
A
Flower
14
Q
4 parts of the flower
A
stamens, pistil, petals, sepals
15
Q
Pollens are produced in the
A
Stamen
16
Q
Pistil is composed of
A
stigma, style, ovary
17
Q
Which flower lacks one or more of the four parts?
A
Incomplete flower
18
Q
Imperfect flowers are incomplete flowers that lack either the _________ or the ______
A
Stamen or Pistil
19
Q
Plants that have male and female flowers on separate plants
A
Dioecious plants
20
Q
Group of flowers clustered together
A
Inflorscence
21
Q
Mature fertilized ovary containing the seed or seeds
A
Fruit
22
Q
Fruits could be divided into _____ and _______
A
fleshy fruits and dry fruits
23
Q
The dry fruits are divided into ________ and _______
A
dehiscent dry fruits and indehiscent dry fruits
24
Q
Fleshy fruits examples
A
apples and tomato
25
Dehiscent dry fruits
the ovary split ope at maturity (soybean, alfalfa, canola, milkweed)
26
Indehiscent dry fruits
the ovary did not split open at maturity (sunflower, grasses)
27
Caryopsis
the ovary wall attached to the seed
28
Inflorescence
flowers clustered together on brances or a system of branches
29
Florets
Flower for grasses
30
Types of inflorescences
Spike (wheat, rye, barley)
Panicle (oat, smooth brome)
Raceme (alfalfa)
Umbel (birds foot trefoil) - all flowers coming from one point
Head (sunflower, Canada thistle) - many flowers on one head
31
Stamen (male or female?)
male
32
Pistil (male or female?)
Female
33
Monocots
1 cotyledon
mostly parallel veined
fibrous adventitious roots
34
Dicots
2 cotyledons
usually net veined
strong taprot
35
Cellulose
major component of cell wall - polymer of glucose molecules. Cell wall strength. Production of energy fuels from plant sources
36
Nodes
point of attachement for leaves
37
Functions of stems
conduction of water, nutrients, products of photosynthesis, support for leaves and fruits
38
Deep-rooted species
taproot system
39
Root functions
underground portion
- anchorage
- absorption
- storage
- conduction
40
Stems develop from:
the embryonic shoot or from a bud of an existing stem
41
More tillers =
More yield
42
Types of ligule
Absent, hairy, membranous
43
Bulb
disc stem and enlarged fleshy leaves
44
Conduction tissues in leaves
veins
45
types of auricles
claw like, short/stubby, sbsent
46
Primary photosynthetic organ of the plant
leaf
47
2 components of the plant cell are
cell wall and protoplast
48
Gives plant cell walls their strength and rigidity
cellulose
49
A component of plant cell walls, negatively affects the digestibility of forages
Lignin
50
Protoplasm of a plant cell consists of
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
51
Functions of nucleau in plant cells
Controls protein synthesis and stores genetic information in the form of DNA
52
Where is genetic information stores _____ in the form of ______
Nucleus; DNA
53
Organelle of photosynthesis
Cloroplasts
54
Organelle of Respiration
Mitocondria
55
Organelle of secretions
Golgi bodies
56
Organelle of distribution of cellular substances
Endoplasmic reticulum
57
organelle ATP formation
Mitocondria
58
Importance of vaculose
water balance, pigment depostion, storage of various ions and molecules
59
What gas is produced in the mitochondria during respiration?
Carbon Dioxide
60
What gas is produced in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis?
Oxygen
61
What part of the cell is especially important in energy fules production
Cell wall
62
In a taproot system,
it is easy to differentiate between the primary and secondary roots
63
the Vascular tissues that is responsible for transporting photosynthesates from the leaf to the flower is
Phloem
64
Monocot plants have a ______ root system
Fibrous
65
In most occasions, you will observe the following parts in the leaf of a grass plant
Leaf Blade, Leaf Sheet, Auricles, Ligules
66
Incomplete but a perfect flower will be lacking
the Sepals or Petals
67
The arrangements of flowers is an inflorescence could:
be an Umbel, a Spike, or a Panicle
68
In palmately compound leaves,
leaflets arise from a common point
69
Colored scar on the soybean identifying the point of attachment to the seed pod is called
hilum
70
Plants classified as Annuals or Perennials are classified based on
life cycle
71
Classifying plants into groups by the botanical/scientific system is based on
similarities in structures: such as simple or compound leaves
72
the designation "mays" in the binomial naming system for Zea mays L. represents the
species
73
Plant classification order is the correct sequence (most to least inclusive)
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
74
What plant classification group includes the least number of plants
species
75
What completes their life cycle in one year or one growing season?
Annuals
76
Planted during the spring
Summer annuals
77
Planted during the fall
Winter annuals
78
Types of annuals
summer and winter annuals
79
Classification of plants according to life cycle
Annuals, Biennials, Perennials, Pseudo-Annuals
80
Two growing seasons
Biennials
81
Persist for three or more years
Perennials
82
Categories of perennials
1. Herbaccous perennials
| 2. Woody perennials
83
Classification according to temperature adaptation
Tropical plants, temperate plants, subrtopical crops
84
When biennials or perennials are harvested after only one growing season
Pseudo-Annuals
85
Originated at or around the equator. Warm-season plants.
Tropical plants
86
Temperature of tropical plants
above 50
87
Originated in regions of distinct seasonal change in temperature. cool season plants
Temperate plants
88
Border the tropical and temperate regions. Grow best at warmer but can tolerate freezing temperatrues
Subtropical crops
89
Scientific name is ______
universal
90
Required for sale
name and address of owner or seller, the lot number, kind or variety, % pure seed, %inert matter, %other crop, % weed seed, name and rate or occurrence of any restricted noxious weed seed present, $ germination, date of germination test
91
Requirements for a Purity test
% pure seed, % other crop, % week seed, % inert matter
92
Classes of seeds
Common seed, certified seeds
93
Types of certified seed
Foundation, registered, certified
94
Seed quality
Prohibited: no seeds
restricted: allows up to a set number, has to be listed
Maximum % of total seeds allowed - 2%
95
Vigor test for corn
cold test
96
vigot test for soybeans
accelerated aging
97
test for variety identification
electophoreses
98
test for live seed for labeling
germination
99
test for live seed (shortest time)
tetrazolium (Tz)
100
Plant organs
Roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers
101
Purity test is separated into four compartments
1. the pure seed component
2. other crop seed present
3. weed seeds
4 inert matter
102
Grasses Hypogeal
Panicoid and Festucoid
103
Grasses Panicoid
corn, warm seaons grasses
104
Grasses Festucoid
wheat, cool season grasses
105
Legumes Hypogeal
Pea, Lentil
106
LEgumes Epigeal
soybean, alfalfa
107
Hypogeal
Cotyledon below ground
108
Epigeal
Cotyledon above ground
109
Young shoot above cotyledon
plumule
110
Young root below cotyledon
radicle
111
Attachment of the cotyledons
spictyl
112
portion of the embryo axis below the cotyledons and between radicle
hypocotyl
113
Radicle
Primary root
114
crown root
adventious root
115
Seminal root
Seedilng root
116
brace root
prop root
117
terminal bud
apical bud
118
1st internode
mesocotyl
119
legumes have ___ cotyledons
2
120
Legume seed is comprised of
testa, cotyledons and embryo
121
the embryo axis in a legume seedling above the first node is called the
spicotyl
122
portion below the first node is called the
hypocotyl
123
What three conditions are required for germenation to occur
1. correct temperature
2. adequate moisture
3. adequate oxygen levels
124
The first structure to break through the seed coat during germination is the
radicle
125
hypocotyl arches can be found in legumes that exibit
epigeal type of emergence
126
After soybean seedling emerges, the cotyledons are
above ground/soil surface
127
Epicotyl arches can be found in legumes that exhibit
hypocotyl type of emergence
128
Examples of hypocotyl arches
soybean, cowpea
129
Examples of epicotyl arches
pea, chickpea
130
seed coat
testa
131
stored food
cotyledons
132
young plant
embryo
133
Fruit of grasses
caryopsis
134
Caryopsis is comrised of the
embryo, endosperm, and pericarp
135
WHat is the sheath that protects the embryonic shoot
coleoptile
136
provides food for the embryo and young seedling after germination
endosperm
137
All grass seedlings exhibit
hypogeal emergence
138
after emergence (hypogeal), the cotyledon is located
where planted
139
The two methods of seedling emergence in grasses are
panicoid and festueoid
140
Structures elongate in panicoid emergence
mesocotyl and coleoptile
141
Stuctures elongate in festucoid emergence
coleoptile
142
Crops that have festucoid emergence
cool-seaon grasses
143
panicoid emergence crops
warm season grasses
144
Panicoid emergence roots are
always near the surface
145
festicoid emergence roots
remain near planting
146
Stemes
axis, upright or horizontal, that is comprised of points of attachments for leaves called nodes
147
Nodes
Point of attachment for leaves
148
Internones
between two nodes
149
Tillers
vertical flowering stems of grasses that originate from basal nodes
150
Rhizomes
underground stems, characteristic of sod-forming species such as smooth bromegrass and quackgrass
151
Stolons
horizonal above groud stems taht produce functional leaves
152
Tuber
much-enlarged, fleshy underground stem (potato)
153
Petiole
(leaf stalk) - often present in dicotyldons
154
Sessile
leaves when they lack a petiole and the blade is attached directly at its base to the stem
155
Stipules
small leaflike appendages found at the basse of the petiole in legumes
156
Sheath
tubular structure that surrounds the stem
157
Ligule
membranous structure or line of hairs taht projects from the top of the sheath at the collar in grasses
158
Auricles
earlike appendages that occur at the base of teh leaf blade in some grasses
159
Venation
arrangement of veins in a blade
160
Parallel vention
monocotyledons
161
Netted ventation
dicotyledons
162
Palmately compound
radiating from a common point
163
pinnately compound
arranged along both sides of the rachis
164
Entire
smooth margins
165
Serrated
toothed margins
166
tendrils
long, slender, coiling structures that aid in climbing and support
167
variegation
pigmentation is not uniform
168
Pubescence
Stem and leaves of many plant species are covered with varying densities of short, soft hairs
169
Terminal buds
apex of stems
170
Axillary buds
located at the axils of leaves
171
adventitious buds
arise from place on the plant other than nodes or stem apices
