Crop Production - Lab exam 1 Flashcards
Three basic tissue types in a crop plat
Dermal, ground, vascular
The outermost tissue
Dermal tissue
the “pipelines” in the plant are known as
vascular tissues
Conducts water and minerals
Xylem
Transports photosynthetic products from the leaves
Phloem
Regions of active cell division that give rise to the primary growth of various tissue types
Meristems
located at the tip of roots and shoots
Apical meristems
located at the axils of leaves
Axillary leaves
Constitute the major underground portion of the plant and are specialized for anchorage, absorption, storage, and conduction
roots
primary root in most monocotyledons that is usually short-lived ad the main root system developed from ________ roots that arise from nodes on the base of the stem below or just above the soil surface
adventitious
In monocotyledons, no root is more prominent than the others, and the root system is known as the
fibrous root system
in dicotyledons, the _______ of the embryo forms a substantial, tapering main room from which smaller ________ usually arise. This type of root system is called a _______.
primary root; lateral roots; taproot system
reproductive structure in plants
Flower
4 parts of the flower
stamens, pistil, petals, sepals
Pollens are produced in the
Stamen
Pistil is composed of
stigma, style, ovary
Which flower lacks one or more of the four parts?
Incomplete flower
Imperfect flowers are incomplete flowers that lack either the _________ or the ______
Stamen or Pistil
Plants that have male and female flowers on separate plants
Dioecious plants
Group of flowers clustered together
Inflorscence
Mature fertilized ovary containing the seed or seeds
Fruit
Fruits could be divided into _____ and _______
fleshy fruits and dry fruits
The dry fruits are divided into ________ and _______
dehiscent dry fruits and indehiscent dry fruits
Fleshy fruits examples
apples and tomato
Dehiscent dry fruits
the ovary split ope at maturity (soybean, alfalfa, canola, milkweed)
Indehiscent dry fruits
the ovary did not split open at maturity (sunflower, grasses)
Caryopsis
the ovary wall attached to the seed
Inflorescence
flowers clustered together on brances or a system of branches
Florets
Flower for grasses
Types of inflorescences
Spike (wheat, rye, barley)
Panicle (oat, smooth brome)
Raceme (alfalfa)
Umbel (birds foot trefoil) - all flowers coming from one point
Head (sunflower, Canada thistle) - many flowers on one head
Stamen (male or female?)
male
Pistil (male or female?)
Female
Monocots
1 cotyledon
mostly parallel veined
fibrous adventitious roots
Dicots
2 cotyledons
usually net veined
strong taprot
Cellulose
major component of cell wall - polymer of glucose molecules. Cell wall strength. Production of energy fuels from plant sources
Nodes
point of attachement for leaves
Functions of stems
conduction of water, nutrients, products of photosynthesis, support for leaves and fruits
Deep-rooted species
taproot system
Root functions
underground portion
- anchorage
- absorption
- storage
- conduction
Stems develop from:
the embryonic shoot or from a bud of an existing stem
More tillers =
More yield
Types of ligule
Absent, hairy, membranous
Bulb
disc stem and enlarged fleshy leaves
Conduction tissues in leaves
veins
types of auricles
claw like, short/stubby, sbsent
Primary photosynthetic organ of the plant
leaf
2 components of the plant cell are
cell wall and protoplast
Gives plant cell walls their strength and rigidity
cellulose
A component of plant cell walls, negatively affects the digestibility of forages
Lignin
Protoplasm of a plant cell consists of
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
Functions of nucleau in plant cells
Controls protein synthesis and stores genetic information in the form of DNA
Where is genetic information stores _____ in the form of ______
Nucleus; DNA
Organelle of photosynthesis
Cloroplasts
Organelle of Respiration
Mitocondria
Organelle of secretions
Golgi bodies
Organelle of distribution of cellular substances
Endoplasmic reticulum
organelle ATP formation
Mitocondria
Importance of vaculose
water balance, pigment depostion, storage of various ions and molecules
What gas is produced in the mitochondria during respiration?
Carbon Dioxide
What gas is produced in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis?
Oxygen
What part of the cell is especially important in energy fules production
Cell wall
In a taproot system,
it is easy to differentiate between the primary and secondary roots
the Vascular tissues that is responsible for transporting photosynthesates from the leaf to the flower is
Phloem
Monocot plants have a ______ root system
Fibrous
In most occasions, you will observe the following parts in the leaf of a grass plant
Leaf Blade, Leaf Sheet, Auricles, Ligules
Incomplete but a perfect flower will be lacking
the Sepals or Petals
The arrangements of flowers is an inflorescence could:
be an Umbel, a Spike, or a Panicle
In palmately compound leaves,
leaflets arise from a common point
Colored scar on the soybean identifying the point of attachment to the seed pod is called
hilum
Plants classified as Annuals or Perennials are classified based on
life cycle
Classifying plants into groups by the botanical/scientific system is based on
similarities in structures: such as simple or compound leaves
the designation “mays” in the binomial naming system for Zea mays L. represents the
species
Plant classification order is the correct sequence (most to least inclusive)
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What plant classification group includes the least number of plants
species
What completes their life cycle in one year or one growing season?
Annuals
Planted during the spring
Summer annuals
Planted during the fall
Winter annuals
Types of annuals
summer and winter annuals
Classification of plants according to life cycle
Annuals, Biennials, Perennials, Pseudo-Annuals
Two growing seasons
Biennials
Persist for three or more years
Perennials
Categories of perennials
- Herbaccous perennials
2. Woody perennials
Classification according to temperature adaptation
Tropical plants, temperate plants, subrtopical crops
When biennials or perennials are harvested after only one growing season
Pseudo-Annuals
Originated at or around the equator. Warm-season plants.
Tropical plants
Temperature of tropical plants
above 50
Originated in regions of distinct seasonal change in temperature. cool season plants
Temperate plants
Border the tropical and temperate regions. Grow best at warmer but can tolerate freezing temperatrues
Subtropical crops
Scientific name is ______
universal
Required for sale
name and address of owner or seller, the lot number, kind or variety, % pure seed, %inert matter, %other crop, % weed seed, name and rate or occurrence of any restricted noxious weed seed present, $ germination, date of germination test
Requirements for a Purity test
% pure seed, % other crop, % week seed, % inert matter
Classes of seeds
Common seed, certified seeds
Types of certified seed
Foundation, registered, certified
Seed quality
Prohibited: no seeds
restricted: allows up to a set number, has to be listed
Maximum % of total seeds allowed - 2%
Vigor test for corn
cold test
vigot test for soybeans
accelerated aging
test for variety identification
electophoreses
test for live seed for labeling
germination
test for live seed (shortest time)
tetrazolium (Tz)
Plant organs
Roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers
Purity test is separated into four compartments
- the pure seed component
- other crop seed present
- weed seeds
4 inert matter
Grasses Hypogeal
Panicoid and Festucoid
Grasses Panicoid
corn, warm seaons grasses
Grasses Festucoid
wheat, cool season grasses
Legumes Hypogeal
Pea, Lentil
LEgumes Epigeal
soybean, alfalfa
Hypogeal
Cotyledon below ground
Epigeal
Cotyledon above ground
Young shoot above cotyledon
plumule
Young root below cotyledon
radicle
Attachment of the cotyledons
spictyl
portion of the embryo axis below the cotyledons and between radicle
hypocotyl
Radicle
Primary root
crown root
adventious root
Seminal root
Seedilng root
brace root
prop root
terminal bud
apical bud
1st internode
mesocotyl
legumes have ___ cotyledons
2
Legume seed is comprised of
testa, cotyledons and embryo
the embryo axis in a legume seedling above the first node is called the
spicotyl
portion below the first node is called the
hypocotyl
What three conditions are required for germenation to occur
- correct temperature
- adequate moisture
- adequate oxygen levels
The first structure to break through the seed coat during germination is the
radicle
hypocotyl arches can be found in legumes that exibit
epigeal type of emergence
After soybean seedling emerges, the cotyledons are
above ground/soil surface
Epicotyl arches can be found in legumes that exhibit
hypocotyl type of emergence
Examples of hypocotyl arches
soybean, cowpea
Examples of epicotyl arches
pea, chickpea
seed coat
testa
stored food
cotyledons
young plant
embryo
Fruit of grasses
caryopsis
Caryopsis is comrised of the
embryo, endosperm, and pericarp
WHat is the sheath that protects the embryonic shoot
coleoptile
provides food for the embryo and young seedling after germination
endosperm
All grass seedlings exhibit
hypogeal emergence
after emergence (hypogeal), the cotyledon is located
where planted
The two methods of seedling emergence in grasses are
panicoid and festueoid
Structures elongate in panicoid emergence
mesocotyl and coleoptile
Stuctures elongate in festucoid emergence
coleoptile
Crops that have festucoid emergence
cool-seaon grasses
panicoid emergence crops
warm season grasses
Panicoid emergence roots are
always near the surface
festicoid emergence roots
remain near planting
Stemes
axis, upright or horizontal, that is comprised of points of attachments for leaves called nodes
Nodes
Point of attachment for leaves
Internones
between two nodes
Tillers
vertical flowering stems of grasses that originate from basal nodes
Rhizomes
underground stems, characteristic of sod-forming species such as smooth bromegrass and quackgrass
Stolons
horizonal above groud stems taht produce functional leaves
Tuber
much-enlarged, fleshy underground stem (potato)
Petiole
(leaf stalk) - often present in dicotyldons
Sessile
leaves when they lack a petiole and the blade is attached directly at its base to the stem
Stipules
small leaflike appendages found at the basse of the petiole in legumes
Sheath
tubular structure that surrounds the stem
Ligule
membranous structure or line of hairs taht projects from the top of the sheath at the collar in grasses
Auricles
earlike appendages that occur at the base of teh leaf blade in some grasses
Venation
arrangement of veins in a blade
Parallel vention
monocotyledons
Netted ventation
dicotyledons
Palmately compound
radiating from a common point
pinnately compound
arranged along both sides of the rachis
Entire
smooth margins
Serrated
toothed margins
tendrils
long, slender, coiling structures that aid in climbing and support
variegation
pigmentation is not uniform
Pubescence
Stem and leaves of many plant species are covered with varying densities of short, soft hairs
Terminal buds
apex of stems
Axillary buds
located at the axils of leaves
adventitious buds
arise from place on the plant other than nodes or stem apices
