CRJU201 - History of punishment Flashcards
In Medieval times Punishment was aimed through:
Physical punishment through the absolute power of the sovereign and the judgement of god
The first prison in London that was built? And what year?
The tower of London in 1078 (Mainly used to hold people for execution)
What year were the houses of corrections made in england? What were they known as?
1556, Known as Bridewells
Why was Correctional Houses built around the 1500s era (3 answers)
- The Modernisation of the time (The enlightenment).
- The economic power shift from rural to urban society.
- The migration that followed the power shift = slums and crime
What was the principal punishment in the 18th century?
Execution
What is the Enlightenment?
The Age of reason
Who were the 4 influences in the age of enlightenment?
- Thomas Hobbes
- Charles Montesuieu
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Cesare Beccaria
Who developed the idea of the social contract?
Thomas Hobbes
Charles Montesquieu aimed to create what democratic principle
The separation of powers (A principle that allows judicial powers/ goverments to be independent.)
Who is the believer of peace and harmony?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Cesare Beccaria was known through?
His utilitarian principles on how to deal with criminals: Restore the reason and Morality of a criminal
When were hangings stopped for public view
1833
Where were convicts shipped to (The routes of shipping)? Years of transportation?
England to America 1618 - 1776
England to Australia 1787 - 1867
Who surveyed prisons in England and Wales?
John Howard
What did John Howard do to prisons in England and Wales?
Improved the state of prisons
Who was influenced by Beccaria reason on morality for prisoners
Jeremy Bentham
How did Jeremy Bentham create a Morality approach to criminals in prison?
He designed the Panopticon in 1789. A prison that kept prisoners in solitary confinement. This would only allow them to think about there own actions
Where were Panopticons built? And the year period they were built?
Stateville and Illiinois
1916 -1924
What is the Penitentiary prison and where was it built?
Penitentiary prison focuses on Penitence (Repent).
Constructed in Pennsylvania 1829
E.g Cherry Hill
The four themes of penitentiary prisons?
Solitude, silence, reflection, repentance.
The two prison systems that the U.S. created
The Separate System
The Silent System
Types of U.S prisons developed (The Structure)
Radial-style prisons
Telegraph pole (Made for silent prisons)
The Big House
The Alternative prison in London that used a radial design? Why was it so different
Pentonville Prison: All prisoners had Leather masks preventing them from recognising one another and were forbidden to speak.
What was Edmund du Cane known for?
Reforming England’s punishment system to one that was based on punitive deterrence, meaningless work, and harsh discipline.
Edmund du Cane was the prison commissioner between what years?
1863-1893.
Who replaced Edmund du Cane? What year?
Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise, 1895
What did Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise try and achieve when he was the Chairman of the Prison Commission?
He attempted to make prisons truly reformative by introducing trade training and meaningful work.
How did Māori punish ‘criminals’?
Technically they didnt, they aimed to use utu for balance in society (Remember Tapu and Noa)
Were Māori subjected to British law before 1840?
Only if they were living in large settler colonies.
What happened to all offenders post treaty signings?
They were sent to Australia for imprisonment
What was the first known enforcement association in New Zealand? Year of establishment?
Kororareka Association; 1838
Who created Centralisation in New Zealand? And what does it involve?
Captain Arthur Hume:
Centralisation = The management of prisons in NZ
The first prisons built in NZ were/where? (4 prisons between 1880 - 1906)
Who commissioned the prisons?
- Mt Cook Prison, Wellington, Commissioned in 1882
- New Plymouth Prison 1886
- Invercargill Prison 1910
- Mount Eden Prison
Arthur Hume
Mt Eden Prison was influenced by what country and type of prison?
Influenced by the English and the victorian era.
Its a maximum-security prison
Who modernised prisons from 1906
Sir John Findlay
