Critiques of Counseling

Question 1

Why do we need empirical evidence for our therapies? (2 key ideas)

Answer 1

• Possible iatrogenic (negative) effects, harmful
• Possible opportunity costs
  
  • Invest time/money in one, cannot in another
  • Invest in one that fits your values

Keywords: iatrogenic, opportunity costs

Question 2

Fooling ourselves into thinking therapies work (4 terms)

Answer 2

• Naïve realism
• Confirmation bias
• Regression to the mean
• Causes of spurious therapeutic effectiveness (CSTEs)

Keywords: naive, confirmation, regress mean, CSTE

Question 3

Describe 3 categories of Lilienfeld CSTE

Answer 3

• Cat 1 – misperceive change in its absence
• Cat 2 – misattribute actual change from extra-therapeutic effects
• Cat 3 – misinterpretation of actual change from nonspecific treatment factors

Keywords: change is: absent, extra-therapeutic, nonspecific

Question 4

What does CSTE stand for?

Answer 4

Causes of Spurious Therapeutic Effectiveness