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Critical Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of critical thinking

A

Thinking and reasoning aimed at self-improvement, truth, deliberate, proper patterns of reasoning.

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2
Q

What are other definitions of Critical Thinking

A
  • Being curious and thinking creatively
  • Separating the thinker from the position
  • Knowing oneself enough to avoid biases and errors of thought
  • Having intellectual honesty, humility, and charity
  • Understanding arguments, reasons, and evidence
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3
Q

Propositions

A

Statements that can be true or false.

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4
Q

Non-propositions

A

Statements that can’t be argued, because it would not make sense to do so. Does not make a claim to be true or false.

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5
Q

What actions do Non-propositions perform?

A
  • Exhort
  • Command
  • Plead/Request
  • Question
  • Perform
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6
Q

Simple Proposition

A

A statement that has no logical structure, and simply true or false based on the context of the world around it

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7
Q

Complex Proposition

A

A statement that has logical structure and is the combination of 2 simple propositions. the statement depends on whether the two propositions are true or false and how they are logically connected.

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8
Q

What 2 ways can arguments go wrong?

A
  • Bad inferential structure
  • False premises
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9
Q

What is an argument

A
  • A set of statements with a premise and a conclusion.
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10
Q

Define Premise

A
  • A claim, or evidence that is suppose to support the conclusion.
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11
Q

Define Conclusion

A
  • A statement in which the whole argument is trying to prove
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12
Q

-Therefore-
Premise or Conclusion indicator

A

Conclusion Indicator

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13
Q

-Since-
Premise or Conclusion indicator

A

Premise

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14
Q

-As indicated-
Premise or Conclusion indicator

A

Premise

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15
Q

-So-
Premise or Conclusion indicator

A

Conclusion

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16
Q

-It follows that-
Premise or Conclusion indicator

A

Conclusion

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17
Q

Hence
Premise or Conclusion indicator

A

Conclusion

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18
Q

Thus
Premise or Conclusion indicator

A

Conclusion

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19
Q

Entails that
Premise or Conclusion indicator

A

Conclusion

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20
Q

Wherefore
Premise or Conclusion indicator

A

Conclusion

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21
Q

As a result
Premise or Conclusion indicator

A

Conclusion

22
Q

As
Premise or Conclusion indicator

22
Q

In that
Premise or Conclusion indicator

22
Q

For
Premise or Conclusion indicator

23
Q

Given that
Premise or Conclusion indicator

24
Q

For
Premise or Conclusion indicator

25
Q

Because
Premise or Conclusion indicator

25
Q

As
Premise or Conclusion indicator

25
Q

In that
Premise or Conclusion indicator

25
Q

Given that
Premise or Conclusion indicator

26
Q

What is an argument?

A

A combination of statements that contain both premises and conclusions.

27
Q

What are the key components to an argument?

A
  • A conclusion that intends to be supported
  • Premises that logically support a conclusion
28
Q

What are of a non-argument

A
  • Stories
  • Explanations
  • Set of statements without an inference
29
Q

What are 2 types of arguments?

A

Inductive and Deductive

30
Q

What is an deductive argument?

A

An argument that intends to provide evidence that the conclusion must necessarily be true.

31
Q

I’m what is an inductive argument?

A

An argument where the premises provide evidence that the conclusion more or less likely be true.

32
Q

What are types of deductive inferences?

A

Valid arguments

Sound arguments

33
Q

What is a valid argument?

A

Where if the premise is true then the conclusion must be true. (Does not matter if it is true or not)

34
Q

What is a sound argument

A

Is valid and has TRUE premises.

35
Q

What are inductive inferences?

A

Strong arguments
Cogent arguments

36
Q

What are strong arguments?

A

Where the premises are true, then the conclusion is likely to be true.

37
Q

What’s a cogent argument?

A

Where the argument is strong and has true premises.

38
Q

What is a fallacy

A

Argument that contains bad reasoning.

39
Q

What’s an informal fallacy?

A

Something bad because of its content

40
Q

What’s a formal fallacy

A

Something bad because of the structure

41
Q

Affirming the consequence (Deductive arguments)

A

If A, then C.
C.
Therefore, A.

42
Q

Denying the antecedent (Deductive arguments)

A

If A, then C.
Not A.
Therefore, not C.

43
Q

Types of informal fallacies (for inductive arguments)

A

Begging the question
Fallacy Fallacy

44
Q

Begging the question

A

Circular argument where the premise assumes the truth conclusion
X; therefore X.

45
Q

Fallacy Fallacy

A

Argument X commits a fallacy; therefore X is false.

46
Q

Modus Ponens

A

Affirming the consequence

47
Q

Modus Tollens

A

Denying the antecedent

ITEC (5 decks)

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