Critical Reading Skills Flashcards
What is critical reading?
- looking at the text from different perspective
- recognizing the writer’s purpose
- recognizing biases
- provides high reflective skills
- evaluate how text presents arguments
- identifying the tone and persuasive elements used
analyze the motivation of the writer for writing the text by looking at the
- sociopolitical
- Economic
- Personal
Types of claims:
- fact
- policy
- values
- cause & effect
Modes of persuasion:
- ethos
- pathos
- logos
Credibility
Ethos
Emotion
Pathos
Logic
Logos
errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument
Logical Fallacies
What are the 20 Logical Fallacies:
- False Dilemma
- Appeal to Ignorance
- Slippery Slope
- Complex Question
- Appeal to Force
- Appeal to Pity
- Bandwagon
- Attacking the Person
- Appeal to Authority
- Anonymous Authority
- Hasty Generalization
- False Analogy
- Accident
- Post Hoc
- Wrong Direction
- Irrelevant Conclusion
- Affirming the Consequent
- Denying the Antecedent
- Inconsistency
- Appeal to Hypocrisy
occurs when an arguer
presents his/her argument as one of only two
options despite the presence of multiple
possibilities
False Dilemma
occurs when something is instantly
concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be
false
Appeal to Ignorance
occurs when a series of increasingly
superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn.
Slippery Slope
occurs when two or more points are rolled into one and
the reader is expected to either accept or reject both at
the same time.
Complex Question
occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is used to
argue
Appeal to Force
Occurs when the element of pity is used instead of
logical reasoning
Appeal to Pity
occurs
when an argument considered to be valid because it is
what the majority thinks
Bandwagon
occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking
the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas in the
argument
Attacking the Person
occurs when the argument quotes an expert who is not
qualified in the particular subject matter
Appeal to Authority
the authority in question is
not mentioned or named
Anonymous Authority
occurs
when a sample is not significant or enough to support a
generalization.
Hasty Generalization
occurs when it is assumed that
two concepts that are similar in some ways are also
similar in other ways.
False Analogy
occurs when general rule is applied to a
situation, even when it should be an exception
Accident
occurs
when the arguer claims that since event A happened
before event B, therefore A is the cause of B
Post Hoc
occurs when the direction
between cause and effect is reversed
Wrong Direction
occurs
when an argument which is supposed to prove
something concludes something else instead
Irrelevant Conclusion
any argument of the
form; If A is true the B is true; if B is true therefore A is
true.
Affirming the Consequent
any argument of the
form; If A is true then B is true; if A is not true then B is
not true.
Denying the Antecedent
occurs when argument contradict
one another
Inconsistency
answering
criticism with criticism, or turning the argument back
around on the other person.
Appeal to Hypocrisy
