Criteria 5 Test

Question 1

What are pyramids of number, biomass, and energy?

Answer 1

These are graphical representations of quantitive differences in the trophic level of an ecosystem.

Question 2

Pyramid of number…

Answer 2

Can be inverted.

Question 3

Pyramid of mass…

Answer 3

Can be inverted. (extremely rare)

Question 4

Pyramid of energy…

Answer 4

Can not be inverted.

Question 5

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 5

Energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one type to another.

Question 6

Second law of thermodynamics (Law of entropy).

Answer 6

Energy will tend to move from more complex into less complex forms (Energy ‘moves’ to heat).

Question 7

10% rule is…

Answer 7

As energy moves up through trophic levels only 10% of the available energy and biomass is retained.

Question 8

Where does the rest of the energy go?

Answer 8

The rest of the energy is lost to heat transfer in movement.

Question 9

Systems theory can be…

Answer 9

Open, closed or isolated.

Question 10

Open system theory is when…

Answer 10

Energy and mass move in and out of the system.

Question 11

Closed system theory is when…

Answer 11

Energy can move in and out of the system but matter does NOT move.

Question 12

Isolated systems theory is when…

Answer 12

Energy and mass are not exchanged with the surroundings (this is theoretical and impossible).

Question 13

What is a ‘storage’ in a system

Answer 13

Storages keep energy or matter

Question 14

What is a ‘flaw’ in a system?

Answer 14

Flaws transfer or transform the energy or mater.

Question 15

What is the starting point of all energy in food chains/webs?

Answer 15

The sun

Question 16

What is the starting point of all energy in food chains/webs?

Answer 16

The sun

Question 17

What is symbiosis?

Answer 17

Any relationship between two dissimilar organisms.

Question 18

Oxygen + Sugar -> Carbon dioxide + Water is…

Answer 18

Respiration.

Question 19

Carbon dioxide + Water –> Oxygen + Sugar is…

Answer 19

Photosynthesis.

Question 20

Competition

Answer 20

Neither organism gains (- -). When two fight over the same resource or food source.

Question 21

Predation

Answer 21

One gains while one does not (+ -). When one hunts or preys on another.

Question 22

Mutualism

Answer 22

Both species gain (+ +) . Both species gain from the actions of each other.

Question 23

Commensalism

Answer 23

One species gains while there is no effect on the other (+ 0). Suckerfish and shark example.

Question 24

Herbivory

Answer 24

(+ -). Cows grazing on the grass

Question 25

Parasitism

Answer 25

(+ -). Cause some harm but does not kill

Question 26

Disease

Answer 26

(+ -)

Question 27

What is a niche

Answer 27

When, where, and how an organism lives. Niche doesn’t just depend on where it lives, but what it does.

Question 28

Niche equation

Answer 28

Habitat + role + tolerance = niche
or
When + where + how = niche

Question 29

What is the fundamental niche

Answer 29

Where a species can exist.

Question 30

What is the realised niche

Answer 30

Where the species is actually found within the fundamental niche

Question 31

Bioaccumulation

Answer 31

When an organism hold chemicals within its body. Often these are fat soluble chemicals and they will be kept inside the food web (heavy metals).

Question 32

Biomagnification

Answer 32

The tendency for bioaccumulated chemicals to become amplified (more concentrated) as they pass to higher levels of the food web.

Question 33

Foodwebs

Answer 33

The construction (Trophic Levels)
Role of producers (production)
Role of consumers (Trophic cascade)
Role of decomposers (recycling)

Question 34

Biogeochemical cycles

Answer 34

Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle

Question 35

Ecosystem

Answer 35

• Forest Types
• Marine vs Freshwater

Question 36

What is a generalist

Answer 36

A species with a wide niche that can survive in many habitats

Question 37

Why do generalist species grow exponentially?

Answer 37

Due to there being little to no environmental resistance for its growth, it will not have a carrying capacity, unlike native species.

Native species in their habitat have strong environmental resistance due to the habitat having limited resources.

Question 38

Carrying capacity

Answer 38

The maximum population size that an ecosystem can support.