Crisis and trauma Flashcards
post traumatic stress disorder
Individual results from an event, series of events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or threatening and that has lasting adverse effects on the individual’s functioning and physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being
PTSD
-An extremely distressing experience that causes severe emotional shock & may have long lasting psychological effects.
It can be a single event
more often than not it is multiple events over time (complex, prolonged trauma)
An interpersonal violence or violation, especially at the hands of authority/trust figure is especially damaging
*child abuse
torture (long time kidnapping)
Trauma
a psychological response to an identifiable stressor or stressors
Adjustment disorder
the condition or process of deterioration with age
senescence
mental, emotional, or physical experienced by an individual in response to stimuli; from the external or internal environment.
Stress
is the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving personal threat to physical integrity or to the integrity of others.
-symptoms may begin within the first 3 months after the trauma or there may be a delay of several months or even years
PTSD
A disorder similar in terms of precipitating traumatic events and symptomatology to PTSD is
ASD acute stress disorder
psychosocial theory
learning theory
cognitive theory
biological influences
Treatment modalities for trauma-related disorders
Treatment disorders for this include individual psychotherapy, family therapy, behavior therapy, self-help groups, crisis intervention, and medications to treat anxiety or depression.
Adjustment disorders
this includes cognitive therapy, prolonged exposure therapy (PE), group/family therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and psychopharmacology
Treatment modalities for PTSD
accompanying panic, stress, and depression immediately following a traumatic event.
-occurs right after the event*this is normal
May include painful guilt feelings.
Can be accompanied by substance abuse; self-medicating. drink too much. *Can last up to the first 30 days.
Acute stress disorder
Living through dangerous events and traumas
Having a hx of mental illness; can’t process trauma with a mental illness
Getting hurt
Seeing people hurt or killed
Feeling horror, helplessness, or extreme fear
Having little or no social support after the event *crucial to move past event
Dealing with extra stress after the event, such as loss of a loved one, pain and injury or loss of a job or home.
PTSD: Risk factors
Involves several experiences that interfere with an individuals ability to function:
Re-experiencing symptoms
Avoidance symptoms
Hyper-arousal
Occurs when anxiety about events last longer than 30 days (more than 30 days considered this)
PTSD
Reseach and individuals who have experienced prolonged and repeated interpersonal trauma in adulthood has found that CPTSD can occur when there is no history of childhood abuse.
- neurobiological processes involved in processing aversive stimuli
- Exposure based therapies appear to be effective
Prolonged and repeated interpersonal trauma in adulthood.
Complex PTSD-CPTSD
reliving trauma over and over again, physical symptoms as well. ie racing heart or sweating
- bad dreams
- frightening thoughts
PTSD: re-experiencing symptoms
staying away from places, events or objects that are reminders of the experience.
Feeling emotionally numb.
Feeling strong guilt, depression or worry
Losing interest in activities that were enjoyable in the past.
Having trouble remembering the dangerous events.
PTSD: Avoidance Symptoms
easily startled
feeling tense or “on edge”
having difficult sleeping, and/or having angry outbursts.
PTSD: Hyper-arousal
Bedwetting
forgetting how or being able to talk
acting out the scary event during playtime
being unusually clingy with a parent or other adult.
Children’s reactions to PTSD
To be diagnosed with PTSD, a person must have all of the following for at least 1 month:
- at least one re-experiencing symptom
- at least three avoidance symptoms
- at least two hyperarousal symptoms
- Symptoms that make it hard to go about daily life, go to school or work, be with friends, and take care of importat tasks.
Diagnosis of PTSD
finding a support group after traumatic event
feeling good about one’s own actions in the face of danger (helpful)
having a coping strategy, or a way of getting through the bad event and learning from it.
being able to act and respond effectively despite feeling fear.
Seeking out support from other people. part of process.
PTSD: resilience factors
this therapy helps people make sense of the bad memories. Sometimes people remember the event differently than how it happened. They may feel guilt or shame about what is not their fault. The therapist helps people with PTSD look at what happened in a realistic way
Cognitive restructuring
teaches relaxation, relies on theory we can’t be relaxed and anxious at the same time.
systematic desensitization
therapist floods person with images and stimuli to evoke anxiety, the more anxiety produced and dealt with the faster the healing.
Implosion therapy
rapid eye movements
looking left to right; following therapists fingers while taking deep breaths and talking about the trauma.
Francine Shapiro
Theory REM sleep; brain able to process and deal with subconscious while in REM sleep
EMDR; eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for PTSD patients
Non traditional treatment
The successful adaptation to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feeling, and behaviors taht are age-appropriate and congruent with local and cultural norms
Mental health
Maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are incongruent with the local and cultural norms and interfere with the individuals social, occupational, or physical functioning.
Mental Illness
the inability of the general population to understand the motivation behind the behavior
incomprehensibility
the “normality” of behavior is determined by the culture
Cultural relativity
hans Selye defined stress as “the state manifested by a specific syndrome which cinsists of all the nonspecifically induced changes within a biologic system”
“Fight or Flight” syndrome
Physical responses
Alarm reaction stage
Stage of resistance
Stage of exhaustion
Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Immediate response
Sustained response
-Sustained physical responses to stress promote susceptibility to many diseases of adaptation
The Fight or Flight Syndrome
Anxiety and Grief; have been described as two major, primary psychological response patterns to stress.
- A variety of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are assoc. with ex. of these response patterns.
- Adaptation is determined by the extent to which the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors interfere with an individuals functioning.
Psychological Responses
A diffuse apprehension that is vague in nature and is assoc. with feelings of uncertainty and helplessness.
Extremely common in our society.
Mild anxiety is adaptive and can provide motivation for survival.
Anxiety
Mild: seldom a problem
Moderate: perceptual field diminishes
Severe: perceptual field is so diminished that concentration centers on one detail only or on many extraneous details
Panic: the most intense state
Peplau’s Four Levels of Anxiety
At the mild level, individuals employ various coping mechanisms to deal with stress. A few of these include eating, drinking, sleeping, physical exercise, smoking, crying, laughing, and talking to persons with whom they feel comfortable.
Mild anxiety
Compensation Denial Displacement Identification Intellectualization Introjection Isolation Projection Rationalization Reaction formation Regression Sublimation Suppression Undoing
Defense mechanisms for protection at the mild to moderate anxiety level
