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Final > Crimsoc > Flashcards

Crimsoc Flashcards

1
Q

Proponents of social disorganization theory who linked crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristic

A

Clifford Shaw and Henry D. Mckay

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2
Q

According to this theory crime rates are elevated in neighborhoods with high transience, mixed land use and a lack of essential services.

A

Social disorganization theory

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3
Q

Proponent of strain theory

A

Robert K. Merton

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4
Q

Modes of adaptation and strain theory
+ + Means?

A

Conformity

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5
Q

Modes of adaptation in strain theory
+ -

A

Innovation

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6
Q
  • +
A

Ritualism

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7
Q
  • -
A

Retreatism

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8
Q

± ±

A

Rebellion

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9
Q

Individuals accept both conventional/legal goals and legal means

A

Conformity

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10
Q

Individuals accept the goals but reject the legitimate means of attaining them

A

Innovation

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11
Q

From the root word “retreat” means to withdraw or surrender. It otherwise known as escapist mode, in which the individual tends to reject the goals and means of the society

A

Retreatism

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12
Q

Individuals reject the goal but have legitimate means of attaining them

A

Ritualism

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13
Q

The individuals involved in substituting an alternative set of goals and means for conventional ones. Those revolutionaries who wish to promote radical change in the existing social structure and calls for alternative lifestyle goals and beliefs are example of this

A

Rebellion

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14
Q

Proponent of general strain theory

A

Robert Agnew

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15
Q

According to this theory crime is a result from negative emotion like ange, frustration, and depression which stem from strain. The focus is on the individuals images social environment and emotional responses to strain

A

General strain theory

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16
Q

This source of strain occurs when youth aspires to wealth and gain but lacking financial and educational resources would assume that such goal are impossible to achieve

A

strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals

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17
Q

This type of strain happens when people compared themselves to peers who seem to be doing a lot of better financially or socially.

A

Strain caused by disjunction of expectation and achievements

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18
Q

This source of strain is loss of positive stimuli may lead to delinquency as the adolescence tries to prevent the loss retrieve what had been lost obtain substitutes or seek revenge against those responsible for the loss.

A

Removal of positive valued stimuli

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19
Q

Strain may also cause by the presence of negative stimuli

A

Presentation of negative st

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20
Q

Who is the proponent of anomie theory

A

David Emile Durkheim

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21
Q

He states that crimes are not only normal for society but are necessary. Why because if there is no crime there could be no evolution of law

A

Durkheim anomie theory

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22
Q

Anti photo and video voyeurism of the 2009

A

RA 9995

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23
Q

Who is the proponent of subculture theory

A

Albert K. Cohen

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24
Q

This theory is also known as status frustration. Lower class to use unable to achieve a success through legitimate means experience status frustration leading to the formulation of the delinquent subcultures

A

Subculture theory

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25
Q

Refers to the state where youths are incapable of achieving their legitimate goal in life because of the social condition that they are into, such as having poor parents and living in the slum areas

A

Status frustration

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26
Q

What do Cohen called those lower class boys who suffer from rejection from the middle class which forms deviant subcultures.

A

Corner boy, college boy, and delinquent boy

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27
Q

Engages in petty offenses and status offenses. They are not chronic delinquents but may exhibit truancy and engage in activities like premarital sex and drug abuse

A

Corner boy

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28
Q

Embraces middle class values and strive for success through conventional means. They are committed to achieving goals through legitimate pathways

A

College boys

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29
Q

Rejects middle class norms and values, seeking independence and control over their behavior. They may join gangs and engage and risky and lawful activities

A

Delinquent boys

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30
Q

Who is the proponent of social bond theory?

A

Travis Hirschi

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31
Q

This theory focused on why people don’t commit crime.

A

Social bond theory

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32
Q

This theory proposes that strong social bonds prevent individuals from engaging in criminal behavior

A

Social bond theory

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33
Q

Sensitivity to and interest in others, especially parents peers and teachers

A

Attachment

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34
Q

Investment in conventional activities, such as education and future planning

A

Commitment

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35
Q

Participation in conventional activities like school recreation and family

A

Involvement

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36
Q

Adherence to shared moral values and respect for the legal code

A

Belief

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37
Q

Who is the proponent of social learning theory?

A

Albert S. Bandura

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38
Q

According to this theory people learn to engage in crime through their experiences. This theory suggest that criminal behavior are learned through observation, imitation, and enforcement

A

Social learning theory

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39
Q

Children who observe aggressive behavior at home may learn to be aggressive themselves

A

Family member

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40
Q

People residing in high crime area are more likely to exhibit violent behavior

A

Environmental experience

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41
Q

Films and television shows often defect violence graphically normalizing aggressive behavior

A

Mass media

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42
Q

Behavior result in something good such as money or social approved

A

Positive reinforcement

43
Q

Behavior remove something bad like avoiding punishment

A

Negative reinforcement

44
Q

Beliefs favorable to crime

A
  1. approval of minor crime
  2. Conditional approval
  3. values conducive crime
45
Q

Individuals observed the behavior of others

A

Observation

46
Q

They may imitate or model the behavior of those they like or respect

A

Imitation

47
Q

Individuals are more likely to imitate behavior that is reinforced

A

Reinforcement

48
Q

Who is the proponent of differential association theory?

A

Edwin Sutherland

49
Q

Who states this famous quote “tell me who your friends are and i will tell you who you are”

A

Edwin H. Sutherland

50
Q

This theory suggest that individuals learn criminal behavior through their social interaction and communication with others

A

Differential association theory

51
Q

Criminal behavior is learned, not inherent
Learned through interaction and communication
Intimate personal groups are key
Criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior

A

Differential association theory
Key component

52
Q

Who is the proponent of imitation suggestion theory?

A

Gabriel Tarde

53
Q

According to this theory delinquency and crimes are learned and adopted either consciously (imitation) or unconsciously (suggestion). The pattern of crime can spread from its origin to the periphery like fashion

A

Imitation suggestion theory

54
Q

This theory allows copying without personal interaction. For example, criminal act seen in a movie can be learned by an individual even without personal interaction while differential association requires it.

A

Imitation suggestion theory

55
Q

Argued that individual pursue criminal behavior to the extent that they identify with a real or imaginary person from whose perspective their criminal behavior seems acceptable. This identification can be with characters in movies radio and television

A

Differential identification theory

56
Q

Who is the proponent of differential identification theory?

A

Daniel Classer

57
Q

Three elements of differential identification theory

A

Identification
Acceptance
Behavior

58
Q

This theory combines bandula’s social learning theory and sutherlands differential association theory

A

Differential association reinforcement theory

59
Q

Who is the proponent of differential association reinforcement theory?

A

Ernest Burgges and ronald L. Akers

60
Q

The presence of criminal behavior depends on whether it is rewarded or punished

A

Reward or punishment

61
Q

The most meaningful rewards or punishment come from groups that are individual important in an individual’s life

A

Significant groups

62
Q

Parents play a critical role as a first teacher and primary reinforcement figures they can either encourage positive behaviors or unintentionally reinforced negative behaviors and their children

A

The role of parents

63
Q

Rewarding child positive behaviors encourage their continuation

A

Positive rein

64
Q

Rewarding negative behaviors can lead to their persistence and even escalation

A

Negative reinforcement

65
Q

Teachers can also significantly influence a students behavior if a teacher whom a student considered important punishes wrongdoing a student is more likely to take a punishment seriously and change their behavior for better

A

Significance of teacher

66
Q

Who is the proponent of cultural conflict theory?

A

Thorstin Sellin

67
Q

Emphasizes that the multiplicity of conflicting cultures is the principal source of social disorganization. It explains high crime rates in a certain ethnic or racial groups through their exposure to diverse and incongruent standard of the larger society

A

Cultural conflict theory

68
Q

Who is the proponent of psychodynamic theory

A

Sigmund Freud

69
Q

Morality principle

A

Superego

70
Q

Ego

A

Reality principle

71
Q

ID

A

Pleasure principle

72
Q

This theory argues that human personality is controlled by conscious mental processes developed in early childhood it consists of three major components id ego and superego when properly balance an individual can lead a normal life imbalance can result in abnormal personality

A

Psychodynamic theory

73
Q

Child attains pleasure by sucking and biting(1)/year

A

Oral stage

74
Q

Focus on elimination of bodily waste (2-3years)

A

Anal stage

75
Q

Focus on genitals oedipus/electra complex

A

Phallic stage (third to fifth year

76
Q

Sexuality is repressed

A

Latency stage begins at 6

77
Q

Beginning of adult sexuality

A

Genital stage (puberty)

78
Q

External pressures like poverty or violence can lead to criminal behavior as a coping mechanism

A

Stressors as crime triggers

79
Q

Communities with weak social networks are more prone to crime due to lack of regulation

A

Social disorganization

80
Q

Poor housing pollution and lack of resources increased stress are likelihood of criminal activity

A

Environmental risk

81
Q

Prolonged stress may impair judgment leading to impulsive criminal action

A

Cognitive and emotional responses

82
Q

Improving living conditions and providing social services can reduce environmental stress and crime rates

A

Crime prevention

83
Q

Urban planning in socio-economic policies aimed at reducing inequalities can mitigate stressors leading to criminal behaviors

A

Policy implication

84
Q

Strengthening mental health support community programs and education helps individuals manage stress more efficiently

A

Support system

85
Q

Who is the proponent of defensible space theory?

A

Architect oscar newman

86
Q

This theory explores how physical environment design can deter crime. This criminological concept focus on creating space that faster a sense of ownership and natural surveillance among residents making individual activities less likely to occur

A

Defensible space theory

87
Q

Creating a sense of ownership among residents encouraging them to monitor and protect their space

A

Territoriality

88
Q

Designing space with clear visibility to reduce opportunities for criminal behavior

A

Natural surveillance

89
Q

Maintaining a well ordered environment to discourage crime and signal active management

A

Image and Milieu

90
Q

Ensuring surrounding areas are also safe and will manage for maximum effectiveness

A

Safe and joining areas

91
Q

Designing residential areas to reduce anonymous spaces and creates small controlled communities

A

Zoning and layouts

92
Q

Implementing adequate street lighting and will maintain greenery to reduce hiding spots

A

Lighting and landscaping

93
Q

Using barriers and controlled entry points to limit an authorized access to buildings or neighborhoods

A

Access control

94
Q

Encouraging residents to take ownership of shared spaces through participatory designs

A

Community involvement

95
Q

Excessive surveillance may infringe on privacy and foster distressed among residents

A

Over surveillance concerns

96
Q

Crime may be pushed to other areas rather than reduced overall

A

Displacement effect

97
Q

Implementing defensible spaces may be more challenging in low income neighborhoods due to resource constraints or existing levels of disrepair

A

Socio-economic challenges

98
Q

This theory underscores the importance of thoughtful urban design in crime prevention strategies showcasing how physical spaces can be engineered to promote community engagement and deter criminal activities

A

Defensible space theory

99
Q

Major contributor to various types of crime

A

Drug involvement

100
Q

Dysfunctional environments increase risk of criminal behavior

A

Family dynamics

101
Q

Strong influence especially during adolescence

A

Peer pressure

102
Q

Lead to financial strain and increase idle time

A

Unemployment

103
Q

Major predictor of crime creating pressure and lack of resources

A

Poverty

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