Criminology Exam 2 Flashcards
Households in the highest income bracket are the most likely to experience property victimization.
A. True
B. False
B. False - Lower income
In 2019, white persons were ____ likely than/as Black persons to experience victimization.
A. Less
B. More
C. twice as
D. Equally
D. Equally
According to the 2019 NCVS, ____ was the most common violent crime.
A. Murder
B. Robbery
C. Aggravated assault
D. Simple assault
D. Simple assault
Both men and women are more likely to be victimized by a man than a woman.
A. True
B. False
A. True
People who are victimized can experience indirect costs, such as time missed from work, as a consequence of victimization.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Approximately how many victims of property crime experience economic losses?
A. Very few
B. Less than half
C. Almost all
D. Around 75%
C. Almost all
Men have higher levels of fear of violent crime than women because men are more likely to be victimized than women.
A. True
B. False
B. False
_____ is a psychiatric condition where a person experiences intrusive symptoms, such as flashbacks.
A. Posttraumatic stress disorder
B. Acute reactive disorder
C. Borderline personality disorder
D. Dissociative personality disorder
A. Posttraumatic stress disorder
It was first recognized in the late 1800s that people _____ respond to trauma, including victimization.
A. Differently
B. Predictably
C. Inconsistently
D. Uniformly
A. Differently
Victim ____ is defined as the extent to which a victim is responsible for their own victimization.
A. Precipitation
B. Provocation
C. Blaming
D. Facilitation
A. Precipitation
According to Hindelang, Gottfredson, and Garofalo, certain ____ put people in situations where victimization is more likely to occur.
A. Policies
B. Compulsions
C. Lifestyles
D. Natural events
C. Lifestyles
Sampson found that structural density, as measured by the percentage of units in structures of five or more units, is ____ related to victimization.
A. Positively
B. Nominally
C. Negatively
D. Casually
A. Positively
According to Stephen Schafer, people have a responsibility for proactively preventing their own victimization.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Crime and victimization are generally evenly distributed across a city.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Victim impact statements (VIS) are limited to direct victims of violent crimes to ensure the court runs efficiently.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Family justice centers are designed to provide many services in a _____ because of the wide variety of services needed by victims.
A. One stop shop
B. Soup to nuts
C. Frequent flyer program
D. Magic bullet
A. One stop shop
Most victims offered an opportunity to participate in victim-offender mediation decline to do so.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Victim ____ programs allow people who are victimized to recover some of the costs of victimization not covered by insurance.
A. Equalization
B. Restoration
C. Compensation
D. Payback
C. Compensation
The majority of research on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on victimization has focused on _____.
A. Rape and sexual assault
B. Residential burglary
C. Cybercrime
D. Intimate partner violence
D. Intimate partner violence (IPV)
Criminological theory is often used to justify or excuse criminal behavior.
A. True
B. False
B. False
One reason that criminologists take the time to study theories of crime is to better inform crime _______.
A. Displacement
B. Distribution
C. Policy
D. Precipitation
C. Policy
In the Middle Ages, people relied on ____ to determine whether someone was guilty or innocent in a trial by battle.
A. Priests
B. Judges
C. Gladiators
D. God
D. God
Theological explanations for crime continue to exist in the modern day.
A. True
B. False
A. True
In the 18th century, people believed that felonies were _____, manifestations of the evil human nature.
A. High crimes
B. Deviant behaviors
C. Mortal sins
D. Expected outcomes
C. Mortal sins
According to Beccaria and Katz, people experience a _____ from crime that they must weight against the possible consequences of punishment.
A. Thrill
B. Purpose
C. Reward
D. Temporary Blindness
A. Thrill
According to Beccaria, punishments should be as severe as possible to deter people from committing crimes.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Classical theory in criminology refers to an approach that emphasizes ____ on the part of the criminal actor.
A. Diminished responsibility
B. Free will
C. Deviant behavior
D. Spirituality
B. Free will
Rational choice theorists argue for a crime-specific approach to crime.
A. True
B. False
A. True
______ is the goal of punishment that argues that people who commit crimes need to suffer for the suffering they inflicted upon others.
A. Deterrence
B. Incapacitation
C. Retribution
D. Rehabilitation
C. Retribution
Despite the fact that rehabilitation has been proven ineffective, over 50% of correctional budgets are used for rehabilitation programs.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Wilson’s policy-based approach argued that the criminal justice system’s primary focus should be on what _____.
A. is the most cost effective
B. works
C. Minimizes suffering
D. Causes crime
B. works
As temperatures increase, official crime statistics also increase.
A. True
B. False
A. True
The ecological school took a more theoretical approach to explaining crime than theories in the past.
A. True
B. False
B. False
The _____ school is also called the statistical school because it was the first to attempt to apply official dat and statistics to the problem of explaining criminality.
A. Ecological
B. Neoclassical
C. Economic
D. Classical
A. Ecological
Bomber argues that _____ encourages egoism to an extreme to the disadvantage of society and the poor.
A. Capitalism
B. Monarchy
C. Socialism
D. Communism
A. Capitalism
Based on Marx’s writings, crime rates would be lower in a _____ society.
A. Socialist
B. Libertarian
C. Capitalist
D. Patriarchal
A. Socialist
Bomber argued that, although people of both the upper and lower classes committed crimes, the crimes of the upper class went unpunished.
A. True
B. False
A. True
_____ theories influenced policies such as “three strikes and you’re out” that viewed people as rational actors.
A. Neoclassical
B. Ecological
C. Classical
D. Economic
A. Neoclassical
Positivist theory was based on the scientific method, but its precursors were based on ______.
A. History
B. Theology
C. Qualitative methods
D. Pseudoscience
D. Pseudoscience
Determinism is the principle that people determine their own future.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Criminological positivists believe that criminological theory should focus on the criminal _____.
A. Actor
B. Action
C. History
D. Lifestyle
A. Actor
Astrology was a precursor of positivist theory.
A. True
B. False
A. True
One of the strongest predictors of violence is the presence of an extra Y chromosome, but little can be done due to a lack of availability of early genetic testing.
A. True
B. False
B. False
_____ is the single most important trait in distinguishing violence in individuals.
A. Age
B. Race
C. IQ
D. Gender
D. Gender
Schulsinger found that criminality was highest for adopted boys whose _____ had criminal records.
A. Biological fathers
B. Monozygotic twins
C. Dizygotic twins
D. Adoptive fathers
A. Biological fathers
The “hangry” defense has been successfully used because low blood sugar can lead to impaired brain function.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Sheldon believed that mesomorphs who were ____ were more likely to commit crimes than those with other body types.
A. Muscular and assertive
B. Overweight and extroverted
C. Obese and bitter
D. Slim and talkative
A. Muscular and assertive
Lombroso was one of the first criminological theorists to specifically address women and crime.
A. True
B. False
A. True
According to Lombroso, people who committed crimes could be identified by their _____.
A. Physical appearance
B. Brain activity
C. IQ score
D. Astrological chart
A. Physical apearance
After the holocaust, biological theories were abandoned due to the harm caused by eugenics.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Freud argued that crime was caused by conflict between the ego and the id.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Psychometry attempts to use _____ differences to distinguish people who have committed crimes from those who have not.
A. Societal and environmental
B. Intellectual
C. Psychological and mental
D. Physical and spatial
C. Psychological and mental
According to Eysenck, _____ are les likely to engage in delinquent behavior because their anxiety inhibits them.
A. Nomads
B. Empaths
C. Introverts
D. Endomorphs
C. Introverts
Modern advocates of the connection between IQ and delinquency believe that IQ is a(n) ____ trait.
A. Predetermined
B. Acquired
C. Conditioned
D. Fictitious
B. Acquired
According to Bandura, crime, like all other behaviors, is learned.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Which factor or set of factors plays the most significant role in explaining crime and delinquency?
A. Biological, psychological, and sociological factors together
B. Biological factors
C. Psychological and sociological factors together
D. Psychological factors
A. Biological, psychological, and sociological factors together
One risk in focusing on biopsychological positivism in criminal justice is that it could be used to suggest that people who commit crimes are inherently evil.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Based on positivist theory, the goal of the criminal justice system should be to _____ people who commit crimes.
A. Isolate
B. Incapacitate
C. Punish
D. Rehabilitate
D. Rehabilitate
Critics of genetic and biological theories fear that these theories absolve society of its responsibility to improve the social conditions thought to cause crime.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Maurice is a police officer. He warns his coworkers that they are going to have a busy night because Mercury is in retrograde, and that means people will not be able to control themselves. Maurice believes that ____ can be used to explain crime.
A. Astrology
B. Phrenology
C. Palmistry
D. Biology
A. Astrology
Genetic differences have been able to explain an impressive proportion of criminal behavior, more than social or cultural factors.
A. True
B. False
B. False
According to Yochelson and Samenow, patients engaged in criminal activity used ____ to con clinicians and avoid responsibility for their actions.
A. Social science theories
B. Low IQ scores
C. Charm
D. Attachment disorders
A. Social science theories
Agnew’s general strain theory explains crime at the macro level rather than why a specific individual engages in crime.
A. True
B. False
B. False
According to Merton, when people were not able to achieve their goals because they lacked means, it led to _____.
A. Motivation
B. Deviance
C. Strain
D. Suicide
C. Strain
According to Cloward and Ohlin, working class juveniles would respond to anomie by joining a _____.
A. Church
B. School club
C. Sports team
D. Gang
D. Gang
Durkheim viewed crime as a _____ phenomenon in society because group reactions to deviant actions assist human groups in defining their moral boundaries.
A. Normal
B. Learned
C. Supernatural
D. Disordered
A. Normal
Durkheim believed that the urbanization of society led to a decrease in social control.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Shaw and Mckay found that certian areas remained high in crime although the populations in those areas changed.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Sykes and Matza’s (1957) term “techniques of neutralization” refers to _____ that juveniles use to neutralize responsibility for deviant actions.
A. Denials
B. Justifications
C. Rationalizations
D. Deceptions
C. Rationalizations
According to Cohen and Felson, what was one reason that crime rates rose in the 1960 and 1970s?
A. Weakened crime policies
B. Increased political conflict
C. Development of lightweight durable goods
D. Increases in unemployment
C. Development of lightweight durable goods
Social ____ theories emphasize criminality as learned of culturally transmitted.
A. Science
B. Process
C. Control
D. Development
B. Process
Sutherland’s theory of differential association argued that people who commit crimes were drawn to one another, forming groups different from the societal norm.
A. True
B. False
B. False
What question do social control theories attempt to answer?
A. Is crime due to nature or nurture?
B. Why don’t people commit crime?
C. Who commits crime?
D. What drives people into crime?
B. Why don’t people commit crime?
Commitment involves the degree to which an individual maintains a vested interest in the _____ system.
A. Social and economic
B. Relational and connective
C. Ecological and environmental
D. Internal and external
A. Social and economic
Containment theory argues that people are constrained by outside forces and do not have free will.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Gottfredson and Hirschi blame parents when children become delinquent.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Moffitt believed that there were two distinct types of offenders.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Desistance in life course criminality theory is the ____ of criminal activity.
A. Enjoying
B. Development
C. Quitting
D. Increasing
C. Quitting
Marc LeBlanc proposed a(n) ___ control theory, which argues that bonding and personality affect modeling and constraints that influence offending.
A. Social
B. Evolving
C. Integrated
D. Bounded
C. Integrated
Affirmative action was believed to be one measure of decreasing crime by increasing opportunity.
A. True
B. False
A. True
According to Farrington, some people are just born to be bad.
A. True
B. False
B. False
According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, self-control is relative to time, space, and location.
A. True
B. False
B. False
The Chicago school emphasized the fact that crime was not limited to urban areas and in fact also occurred in small towns and suburban neighborhoods.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Which of the following is an example of a transition according to Sampson and Laub?
A. Moving to a new city
B. Birth of a first child
C. Getting fired from a job
D. Experiencing a natural disaster
B. Birth of a first child
Which of the following theories would best explain why crime occurs at the neighborhood level?
A. Subcultural
B. General strain
C. Institutional anomie
D. Social bonding
C. Institutional anomie
Which of the following has made measuring the strength of social disorganization theory difficult?
A. Finding individuals for case studies
B. Identifying concentric zones
C. Operationalizing disorganization
D. Preventing researcher bias
C. Operationalizing disorganization
Rosenbaum found that social bonding theory was better at explaining crime for _____.
A. Violent than property crimes
B. Men than women
C. Youth than adults
D. White persons than Black persons
B. Men than women
Merton believed that U.S. Society is firm in judging people’s social worth on the basis of their apparent _____.
A. Social bonds
B. Academic achievement
C. Family lineage
D. Material success
D. Material success
A _____ is a long-term pathway such as work life, marriage, parenthood, self-esteem, and criminal behavior.
A. Racetrack
B. Life course
C. General theory
D. Trajectory
D. Trajectory
In Davenport, a group of men regularly play chess in the park. Many of the men are homeless, but they have formed their own group where they can spend time with others. A few members of the group come and go, but the core group remains the same. the chess park is an example of a _____.
A. Disorganized neighborhood
B. Natural area
C. Concentric zone
D. Delinquent subculture
B. Natural area
Kalyan values his family more than anything. He knows that his single mother has sacrificed a lot for the family, and he wants to make her proud and be a good example for his younger siblings. He makes sure that he never misses school an is well liked by his teachers. One day other kids from his neighborhood try to convince Kalyan to go smoke marijuana with them. What social bond will prevent Kalyan from smoking Marijuana?
A. Commitment
B. Belief
C. Attachment
D. Involvement
C. Attachment
Melissa feels like she causes problems for everyone. She is caught smoking at school, and her parents are ashamed of her. Her former friends seem to think she is a burden, and even her teachers are just putting up with her. Melissa feels like everyone would be better off if she were dead. According to Durkheim, what type of suicide is Melissacontemplating.
A. Despairing
B. Anomic
C. Altruistic
D. Self-centered
C. Altruistic
What are the three stages of criminal activity according to developmental and life-course theories?
A. Onset, persistence, and desistance
B. Strain, anger, and crime
C. Bad parenting, low self-control, and delinquency
D. Norms, goals, and failure
A. Onset, persistence, and desistance
Lifestyle theory argues that some people are at greater risk of committing crimes because their daily activities bring them into contact with people who could offend.
A. True
B. False
A. True
According to Reckless, which of the following would push someone toward criminality?
A. Living in poorly maintained housing
B. Having low self-control
C. Parents’ inconsistent discipline
D. Making friends with delinquents
A. Living in poorly maintained housing
According to Agnew, people use crime to resolve what emotion?
A. Anger
B. Shame
C. Sadness
D. Guilt
A. Anger
Characterological self-blame involves believing that victimization is deserved.
A. True
B. False
A. True
For Marx, the _____ system allows space for the proletarians to overthrow the bourgeoisie, which would finally bring in a new world order of socialism.
A. Socialist
B. Fascist
C. Capitalist
D. Materialist
C. Capitalist
Which of the following theories indicated that individuals become predisposed toward criminality because of an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior?
A. Differential association theory
B. Social bond theory
C. Routine activities approach
D. Social disorganization theory
A. Differential association theory
The practice known as _____ involved measuring facial and other characteristics as indicative of human personality.
A. Phrenology
B. Physiognomy
C. Astrology
D. Palmistry
B. Physiognomy
Which individual would be most likely to be a victim of violence?
A. A 25-year-old man’s
B. A retired woman who is 75
C. A 7-year old child
D. A fifty year old citizen
A. A 25 year old man
_____ attempts to dissuade a particular individual from reoffending by punishing that person.
A. General deterrence
B. Specific deterrence
C. Ecological fallacy
D. Economic liability
B. Specific Deterrence
The greater the number of people in the household, the lower the property victimization rate.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Why are twin studies useful for criminologists
A. Investigators have found that twins are less likely to commit crime than the general population.
B. These studies typically claim that twins are more likely to commit crime than only children.
C. Investigators check the accuracy of an original study through duplication.
D. These studies investigate the extent of influence that environmental and genetic factors have on crime.
D. These studies investigate the extent of influence that environmental and genetic factors have on crime.
If a person had a medical procedure in the 1940s to alter their brain tissue to. Make them behave less violently and erratically, this would be referred to as ______.
A. Psychometric
B. Phrenology
C. Physiognomy
D. Psychosurgery
D. Psychosurgery
Quantifying the cost of crime is most difficult for _____.
A. Loss of productivity
B. System costs
C. Pain and suffering
D. Mental health costs
C. Pain and suffering
After being a victim of assault, an individual says, “It wouldn’t have happened if I wasn’t the type of person to walk down the street where it occurred.” This individual is experiencing _____.
A. Behavioral self-efficacy
B. Biodefensive maneuvering
C. Self-blame
D. Learned helplessness
C. Self-blame
In economic theory, poverty resulting from capitalism encourages crime.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?
A. Classicalism
B. Ecological determinism
C. Demolish
D. Marxism
A. Classicalism
An individual commits a crime because he has “nothing better to do with his time.” Which of the following social bonds does this indicate a lack of?
A. Belief
B. Involvement
C. Commitment
D. Attachment
B. Involvement
Even though honey realizes that he will never reach the economic and occupational success of which he one dreamed, he continues to go to work each day and diligently completes the tasks assigned to him. Which form of adaptation in Merton’s theory of anomie/strain is the most consistent with?
A. Conformity
B. Ritualism
C. Retreating
D. Innovation
B. Ritualism
Merton’s adaptation of anomie because known as _____.
A. Differential association theory
B. Strain theory
C. The general theory of crime
D. Personality adaptation theory
B. Strain theory
A person who provokes their own victimization via violence and aggression toward others is referred to as ______ by Von Hentig.
A. An immigrant
B. A wanton
C. A minority
D. A tormentor
D. A tormentor
Bandura’s theory that we learn violence (or any criminal behavior) centers around which of the following ideas?
A. Reinforcement or punishment of aggressive actions
B. Superiority of certain biological personalities
C. Adverse reactions to adaptation
D. Prioritization of varying desire
A. Reinforcement or punishment of aggressive actions
The central characteristic of which approach emphasized free will and rationality on the part of the person committing a crime?
A. Ecological
B. Demonological
C. Positivistic
D. Classical
D. Classical
Commonly associated with individuals returning from war and combat, which psychiatric condition has recently been recognized as a possible consequence of other damaging, harmful events?
A. Anxiety
B. Suicide
C. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
D. Depression
C. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
The extent to which a person is responsible for their own victimization is referred to as victim _______.
A. Responsibility
B. Precipitation
C. Provocation
D. Facilitation
B. Precipitation
A positivist scholar would seek out which three basic premises in understanding the social world?
A. Measurement, quantification, science
B. Quantification, neutrality, determinism
C. Neutrality, objectification, empiricism
D. Quantification, subjectivity, free will
B. Quantification, neutrality, determinism
Which somatotype did Sheldon (1940) propose as linked to criminal behavior?
A. Ectomorph
B. Mendomorph
C. Mesomorph
D. Endomorph
C. Mesomorph
Social control theories address the issue of how society maintains or elicits conformity or fails to obtain it in the form of deviance.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Which term did Emile Durkheim coin to refer to nromlessness within society?
A. Strain
B. Rebellion
C. Conflict
D. Anomie
D. Anomie
Demonological theory assumes that supernatural forces cause and control crime commission.
A. True
B. False
A. True
How does power control theory explain the gender difference in criminality?
A. With the assessment that girls have stronger internal containments
B. In stating that boys have a greater desire to power and control
C. By arguing that boys are exposed to fewer parental controls
D. Through its indication that girls have stronger social bonds
C. By arguing that boys are exposed to fewer parental controls
In Hirschi’s view, which of the following refers to a bond to others, such as family and peers?
A. Involvement
B. Commitment
C. Belief
D. Attachment
D. Attachment
A major risk of psychological and biological theories of crime affecting policy is that it could blame individual troubles for what are actually societal problems.
A. True
B. False
A. True
A person thinking about the amount of money they could earn from robbing a house compared to the risk they face in getting caught by the homeowners is an example of a prediction by which theory?
A. Demonological
B. Deterrence
C. Economic
D. Rational choice
D. Rational choice
The UCR report _____ as the most common violent crime.
A. Theft
B. Aggravated assault
C. Rape
D. Simple assault
B. Aggravated assault
According to Mendelsohn’s classification, a person who walks through a park at night and is mugged by a person trying to buy drugs would be classified as ______.
A. The most guilty victim
B. A victim with minor guilt
C. A victim more guilty that the offender
D. A completely innocent victim
B. A victim with minor guilt
Modern advocates of the relationship between IQ and delinquency believe that one’s IQ is both inherited and acquired over time.
A. True
B. False
A. True
According to Freudian theory, the ______ is the socialized part of the personality, developed to function and gain acceptance in human society.
A. Unconsciousness
B. ID
C. Ego
D. Superego
D. Superego
