Criminology Chapter 1 Test Review Flashcards
What is Deviance?
-Deviance is any behaviour that violates social norms (established rules or standards of behaviour that are socially shared), and is usually of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society.
-Deviance can be criminal or non-criminal.
-When thinking of deviance it is more about the reactions of society to the act than the act itself.
What are Negative Sanctions
These are Expressions of disapproval for deviance.
Range from frowns and gossip for breaking folkways to imprisonment and death for breaking mores and laws.
In general, the more seriously the group takes a norm, the harsher the penalty for violating it.
What are positive Sanctions
In contrast, positive sanctions—from smiles to formal awards—are used to reward people for conforming to norms.
What are crimes?
crime, which is any act that violates written criminal law.
What are the different types of crimes?
crimes fall into one of two categories— crimes against people or crimes against property.
Give examples of crimes against people
The category of crimes against people includes such crimes as murder, rape, assault, child abuse, and sexual harassment.
Give examples of crimes against property
Destroying personal effects, and property crimes are much more common than those against persons are.
What is white collar crime?
White-collar crime, committed by high-status individuals during the course of business
Typical white-collar crimes include embezzlement/financial fraud, bribery, insurance fraud, Medicare theft, etc.
Explain Computer crimes, and victimless crimes
An emerging type of crime involves using computers to “hack” (break into) military, educational, medical, and business computers.
In victimless crime, all parties consent to the exchange of illegal goods and/or services. In some cases, victims may exist, but not usually.
Explain organized crime
Organized crime refers to groups and organizations dedicated solely to criminal activity. Historically, leaders of organized crime, or “crime families” engage in three types of activities:
Legal activities and businesses, such as restaurants.
Illegal activities, such as importing and selling narcotics, gambling, and running prostitution rings.
Extortion of funds for purposes of “protection
Explain the difference between criminology and deviance
Criminology helps us acquire an in-depth understanding of the complexities of criminal, delinquent and deviant behaviour, as well as understanding society’s reaction to crime.
What is the main concept between deviance and crime?
Main concept = all crimes are not deviant and some deviant acts are not a crime.
