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A-level Psychology > Criminal Psychology > Flashcards

Criminal Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

How can brain injury lead to criminality

A
  • Phineas Gage
  • Damage to the Frontal Lobe affect our ability to consider alternative behaviour and consider consequences
  • William et al found that 60% of young offenders have brain damage
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2
Q

How does Amygdala effect criminality

A
  • Damage to the amygdala leads less control over aggression and impulse
  • Leads to people misinterpreting stimulus as threats
  • Charles Whitman
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3
Q

What is XYY how does it lead to criminality

A
  • Genetic condition where men have an extra Y chromosome which leads to men being more aggressive and have low impulse control
  • Brown ‘65 found that 314 patients have XYY and suggested hospitalising them
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4
Q

What is the Warrior Gene and how does it effect criminality

A
  • Causes low MAO-O production
  • A correlation has been found between MAO and Agg.
  • High dopamine = Reward feeling when aggressive
  • Low serotonin = impulsive behaviours
  • High Noradrenaline = overreaction to threats
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5
Q

How does Hormones effect criminality

A
  • There is a correlation between testosterone and aggression
  • Explains why women who have high testosterone levels are more aggressive
  • Explains why steroids increase aggression
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6
Q

Who is Raine et al

A
  • Conducted a study on 41 NGRI
  • Used PET Scans of Hippocampus, thalamus, corpus collosum (CC), amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC)
  • Found low activity in PFC
  • Found asymmetrical activity in amygdala
  • Low activity in the CC
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7
Q

What is Eysenck’s Personality

A
  • Extraversion = Risk Taking
  • Neuroticism = Stability
  • Psychotic = respect for authority
  • Individuals that have a high PEN score are more likely to commit crime
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8
Q

How does IQ impact criminality

A
  • Prison Population consistently show low scores in IQ tests
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9
Q

What is a Formal and Informal Label

A
  • A formal label is a label given by the justice system
  • An informal label is a label given by someone who doesn’t have authority to distinguish deviant and deviant behaviours
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10
Q

Examples of a Formal and Informal label

A
  • Formal: Criminal
  • Informal: Troublemaker
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11
Q

What does Matsuda ‘92 say about Labelling Theory

A
  • Sense of one’s self is formed based on interactions with other people
  • Being convicted leads to a social stigma lead to a person being isolated
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12
Q

What is Labelling Theory

A
  • belief that labels assigned by can effect an individual and their behaviour
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13
Q

What does Becker et al ‘63 say about Labelling theory

A
  • Devience is a natural part of adolescence
  • label can be internalise and overtake someone’s identity
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14
Q

How does Racial Profiling effect criminality

A
  • 38% of ethnic minorities are suspected of shoplifting
  • 24% of black drivers have been stopped and searched
  • 5% of white drives have been stopped and searched
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15
Q

What is Self Fulfilling Prophecy

A
  • Others will behave towards us according the our labels
  • we internalise labels we are given and behave as accordingly
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16
Q

What is Social Learning Theory

A
  • Bandura ‘63 tested vicarious reinforcement
  • Argues even if the behaviour observed isn’t replicated they would have still learnt the behaviour
  • Attention > Retention > Reproduction > Motivation
  • Seeing criminals will make us want to do criminal behaviour as well
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17
Q

What is External and Internal Motivations of crime

A
  • External motivation is being paid for a crime
  • Internal motivation is fulfilling a need by committing crime
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18
Q

What is the REID Technique

A
  • Widely used in USA which is criticised for being coercive leading to failed confessions
  • Does this by asking questions like alternative questions which are based on implicit assumptions of guilty
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19
Q

What is wrong with Police Interviews

A
  • Criticised for being ineffective
  • Cognitive Psychology explains that’s wrongful convictions can be made as there is room for faulty schemas to effect the evidence given by witnesses
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20
Q

What is a Cognitive Interview

A
  • Fisher ‘92
  • Witness should be allowed to talk without interruption
    1. Report everything
    2. Reinstate key points
    3. Reverse the order
    4. Change the perspective
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21
Q

What is an Ethical Interview

A
  • Gray ‘04 offers alternative ways police can conduct interviews
  • Following ethical guidelines and laws with right to not answer and informed consent
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22
Q

What is the PEACE Framework

A
  • 1992
  • Suspect are more inclined to cooperate if they feel relaxed and not threatened
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23
Q

What does the P in PEACE mean

A
  • Plan and Prepare
  • Must take into account available information key issue and objective
  • Take into account characteristics of interviewees
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24
Q

What does the first E in PEACE mean

A
  • Engage
  • Active listening helps establish and maintain rapport ( a understanding relationship)
  • Objectives of the interviews should be outlined
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25
Q

What does the A stand for in PEACE

A
  • Account clarification and challenge
  • Five question types interviewee can be asked
  • Open ended
  • Specific closed ended
  • Forced choice
  • Multiple choice
  • Leading
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26
Q

What does the C in PEACE mean

A
  • Closure
  • Interview shouldn’t not end abruptly
  • The officer and the interviewee can ask any questions
  • Interviewee will be told what will happen next
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27
Q

What does the last E stand for PEACE

A
  • Evaluate
  • Interviewer must evaluate:
  • Whether any further action is necessary
  • How the interviewees story fits into the events
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28
Q

What are 2 Strengths of Cognitive and Ethical Interviews

A
  • Chrstianson ‘02 found that interviews which involved intimidation usually resulted in less confessions
  • Cognitive Interviews are more effective in the recall of crime that the standardised methods now
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29
Q

What are 2 Weaknesses of Cognitive and Ethical Interviews

A
  • Cognitive Interviews lead to more inaccurate information to be given Kohnken ‘99 found CL increased info by 80% but 60% of the information was inaccurate
  • Bull ‘10 found that many officers did not know how to used PEACE effectively and only 63% of interviews using the framework was satisfactory
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30
Q

What is Psychological Formulation

A
  • The framework which connects an individuals characteristics, experiences and behaviour can be understood
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31
Q

What is Psychology Formulation useful

A
  • It created a hypothesis as to why individuals initially committed and maintained behaviours
  • It also helps with establishing treatment for these individuals to create the most effective chance
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32
Q

What is an Offence Analysis

A
  • Gains an insight into the motivations of the crime
  • Determining the risk of reoffending
  • What changes can be made in the offenders life to reduce the risk
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33
Q

What is the function of offending

A
  • Was the reason for offending to fulfil a need
  • What purpose does it serve the offender
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34
Q

What does John Bowlby ‘44 say about offending

A
  • Maternal Deprivation
  • 44 thieves study found that 17/44 had prolonged separation from before 5 years
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35
Q

What does social psychology say about offending

A
  • Criminals grew up in rough areas
  • They may view other criminals and gangs in the area as a “tribe”
  • Social Identity Theory
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36
Q

What is the application to treatment of psychological formation

A
  • Big overlap between criminality and mental health disorders
  • An intervention and rehabilitation needs to be offered which looks into how to reduce reoffending and how likely is the person to complete the whole program
37
Q

What is Paraphilia

A
  • Intense sexual desires for objects, situations and individuals
38
Q

How can SSRI be used to treat sex offending

A
  • Serotonin increases impulse control
  • SSRI have a side effect of reduced sex drive
  • Sex offenders have intrusive thoughts similar to OCD which is also treated with SSRI
39
Q

How can Anti-androgens be used to treat sex offenders

A
  • Blocks the actions of testosterone
  • Kaye ‘99 found that hormone blockers reduce paedophilla thoughts and increase arousal towards consenting adults
40
Q

How can Chemical Castration be used to treat sex offenders

A
  • Reduces testosterone to the point of a prepubescent child
  • Patient need to keep taking the medication
  • As effective as surgical castration
41
Q

What is an alternative Biological Treatment for offenders

A
  • Studies show a correlation between diet and mental health
  • Gesch ‘02 gave young males prisoners with violent behaviour multivitamins minerals and essential fatty acids
  • Violent offences fell by a third
42
Q

How is CBT used to treat offenders

A
  • Gains insight into their thought patterns causing them to behave like a criminal
  • Changes cognition and behaviour’s patterns of offenders to act and think more pro social
43
Q

How does CBT Reasoning and Rehabilitation work

A
  • Offenders have not acquired the basic cognition and social skills necessary for resolving life problems in pro social ways
  • 36 2 hours sessions
  • Targets groups of young offenders, drug users and violent offenders
  • Does not work on psychopaths or offenders with high levels of emotional intelligence
  • Supported by Norway who focuses on rehabilitation and has 20% recidivism rates
44
Q

How does CBT Anger Management work

A
  • Offenders cannot control anger
  • Novaco ‘75 some offenders perceive situations as threatening
  • Triggers aggressive thoughts and behaviour
45
Q

How does CBT Reasoning Enhanced Thinking

A
  • Gets offenders to reflect on situations that have caused anger in the past
  • Teachers to rationalise and revaluate behaviour
46
Q

How does CBT Social Skills work

A
  • Teaching social skills to control emotions instead of letting emotions control them
47
Q

What is the Good Lives Model and how is it used to treat offenders

A
  • Ward ‘02
  • Gets offenders to identify what they want from life
  • Then learn how to achieve these without hurting themselves or others
48
Q

What are 2 Strengths of Non-biological Treatments

A
  • Supported by Norway 20% recidivism rates
  • Holbrook ‘97 compared desired for revenge before and after CBT and saw a significant reduction
49
Q

What are 2 Weaknesses of Non-biological Treatments

A
  • In order for CBT to be effective offenders need to be motivated to see the treatment through
  • Its a form of social control as it doesn’t cure the offender it just moulds the offender to society rules and views
50
Q

What is an Eyewitness Testimony

A
  • When someone is a victim/witness to crime they can provide an EWT
  • May be vital when apprehending someone
  • UK cannot prosecute someone solely on based on EWT
51
Q

What is a Schema

A
  • A mental representation of the world and how we understand it
52
Q

What is Post Event Information

A
  • 1992 loftus called this “misinformation acceptance”
  • After an event individuals accept happens when there is a longer period of time between the event and giving the statement
53
Q

What is Weapon Focus

A
  • Loftus ‘87
  • 36 students watched 18 scenes
  • Experimental group watched a customer take a gun
  • Eye movements were tracked
  • Asked to pick out the customer from 12 heads and 11% got it right
54
Q

Eye-witness Testimony: Credibility

A
  • Supported by study done by Loftus and Messo ‘87 which provides evidence that language and weapons change memories
55
Q

Eye-witness Testimony: Objection

A
  • The explanation for EWT is not fully understood as it is still being debated whether it is due to unusualness or arousal
56
Q

Eye-witness Testimony: Differences

A
  • EWT is not an objective accurate form of evidence so a conviction should not be made solely based on EWT instead should use DNA evidence as it is more accurate and objective
57
Q

Eye-witness Testimony: Application

A
  • In January 2022 385 people were exonerated by DNA testing since 1981 which 21 being sentenced to death
58
Q

Criminal: Classic Study Generalisability

A
  • Not very generalisable because PP are made up of 45 universities students who most of do not have driving experience
59
Q

Criminal: Classic Study Reliability

A
  • Very reliable as the test can be replicated by anyone as it has a clear standardised procedure
60
Q

Criminal: Classic Study Application

A
  • Applied to questions of accuracy of EWT in court cases as an expert witness
61
Q

Criminal: Classic Study Validity

A
  • Lack of ecological validity because there the PP did not witness the incidents in person meaning they have a lack of emotional connection to the event unlike eye witnesses
62
Q

Criminal: Classic Study Ethics

A
  • No ethical issues as it passed the ethics research board
  • The implications of this study undermines and negatively impacts credible testimonies given
63
Q

Criminal Contemporary Study: Generalisability

A
  • Data was taken from actual trials in 4 states over 2 years
  • Can be generalised to real cases which are similar to these
64
Q

Criminal Contemporary Study: Reliability

A
  • Data was taken from actual trials unlike many other studies based on court rooms which use mock trials
  • It is difficult to replicate but more reliable than mock trials
65
Q

Criminal Contemporary Study: Application

A
  • Jury make-up had and influence on black defendant conviction
  • Can be applied to juries in many cases
66
Q

Criminal Contemporary Study: Validity

A
  • Based on real trials meaning ecological validity
67
Q

Criminal Contemporary Study: Ethics

A
  • Deception- jurors do not know that they would be analysed
68
Q

What was the Aim of the Classic Study

A
  • To test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimonies an alter memories
69
Q

What is the Procedure of the Classic Study

A
  • 45 American students
  • Lab exp / Opportunity sampling
  • 5 conditions- smashed, hit, collided, bumped and contacted
  • 7 films of traffic accidents presented in a random order
  • PP asked to describe what happened as if they were an eye witness
  • asked how fast the car was going
70
Q

What was the IV of the Classic Study

A
  • Wording of the question
71
Q

What was the DV of the Classic Study

A
  • Speed Reported
72
Q

What are the Result of the Classic Study

A
  • Smashed estimated 9mph faster than collided
  • later asked if there was broken glass a week later
73
Q

What are the Conclusions of the Classic Study

A
  • Estimated speed was affected by the verb used
  • The verb implied information about the speed which affected the PP memory of the accident
74
Q

What are the Implications of the Classic Study

A
  • Eyewitness Testimonies might be biased by the way they’re questioned
  • Verbs changes a persons perception on the accident
75
Q

What is a Jury

A
  • UK 12 members
  • A range of ages, ethnicity and gender are used to create a fair representation
  • They observe and hear the arguments from both the defence and prosecution
  • They have to reach a unanimous decision
76
Q

How can Attractiveness effect Jury Decision making

A
  • You’re more likely to be a proven innocent if you’re more attractive
  • Jacobson ‘81 found that attractive rapist are likely to be given less harsh sentences
77
Q

How can Gender effect Jury Decisions making

A
  • Men are 4 times more likely to commit a crime
  • In cases of sexual abuse 95% men 5% women
  • Leads to bias schemas that men are guilty and women aren’t criminals
  • If a female commits crime involving their femininity are likely to receive harsher sentences
78
Q

How can Race effect Jury Decision making

A
  • African Americans are more likely to be found guilty that White Americans defendants
  • More likely to receive the death penalty
79
Q

How can Accent effect Jury Decision making

A
  • Dixon ‘02 found found rating of guilty is significantly higher for the birmingham accent
80
Q

What is Pre-trial Publicity

A
  • If jurors hear about the case before the trial starts it can lead to them already deciding a defendants innocence or guilty
  • Example OJ Simpson
  • If PTP can’t be removed court will have to reschedule with a new jury
  • Holin ‘89 suggests juries are supposed to be representative of the community so knowing the defendant is defendant
81
Q

Credibility: Juries Decision making

A
  • Majority of juries decision are based on mock trials
  • Dixon ‘02
82
Q

Objection: Juries Decision making

A
  • Reductionist as there are additional factors such as pressure or deliberation times
83
Q

Difference: Juries Decision making

A
  • Party ‘08 found that jurors who discuss the trials with others are more likely to find an attractive defendant guilty
84
Q

Application: Juries Decision making

A
  • Shows the importance of the system decisions to carefully seek jury memebers
  • USA defence attorney can ask to have certain jurors changed
  • Importance of the decision made by the jury highlighted
85
Q

Contemporary Study: Aims

A
  • To see if a majority of white or hispanic jury will be more likely to convict a black defendant
86
Q

Contemporary Study: Procedure

A
  • Secondary data taken from real trials
  • Only trials with black defendants were used because they make up 60% of the cases
  • Opportunity sampling
  • Data Analysis: Correlation but will norminal data
87
Q

What is the IV and DV of the Contemporary Study

A
  • IV: Race of Jury
  • DV: Result of the conviction
88
Q

What is the CV of the Contemporary Study

A
  • 7 CV
  • Quality of evidence
  • Length of trials
  • Length of deliberation
89
Q

What is the Findings and Conclusions of the Contemporary Study

A
  • Black defendant are less likely to be convicted by juries with a black majority
  • Juries with mostly white jurors were more kiels to convict black defendants
  • None of the control variables had a significant influence on convictions

A-level Psychology (5 decks)

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