Clinical Psychology

Question 1

What are the 4D’s in Clinical Psychology

Answer 1

• A tool used to assess traits, symptoms and conditions
• Can help with identifying people seeking diagnosis

Question 2

What is Deviance and examples

Answer 2

• Behaviours that are views as unacceptable but do not break the law
• In some cultures people hearing voices is a gift from god however others its views as insane
• Homosexuality used to be a mental health condition and now it isn’t
• Example of deviance causing disorders is pedophillia

Question 3

What is Dysfunction and example

Answer 3

• Abnormal behaviour significantly interfering everyday tasks
• One part of Depression is dysfunction

Question 4

What is Distress and example

Answer 4

• An abnormal amount of happiness
• Negative emotions: anxiety, isolation
• measured by K10
• Hypochondriasis is where distress is prevalent in

Question 5

What is Danger and example

Answer 5

• Putting oneself or other around the individual in danger
• Nicotine Dependence is a disorder which danger is prevalent in

Question 6

What is Duration

Answer 6

• Suggested by T Davis 2000
• Schizophrenia diagnosis change depending on the duration of the symptoms

Question 7

What is a Classification System

Answer 7

• Creates a common language between clinical psychologists
• DSM published by the APA
• ICD published by WHO

Question 8

What are the features of the DSM-I

Answer 8

• 102 Conditions
• Based on Freudian Psychology
• Hysteria was used to strengthen hierarchy

Question 9

What are the features of the DSM-IV

Answer 9

• 410 Conditions
• 5 Axis
  1) Mental Health
  2) Personality Disorders
  3) Medical Conditions
  4) Psychological Factors
  5) Daily Functioning
• More culturally dependent

Question 10

What are the features of the DSM-5

Answer 10

• Axis removed
• 157 Conditions
• Introduced spectrums
• 3 Sections
  1) Instructs reader how to use DSM and how to handle self report data
  2) Disorders and diagnosis criteria
  3) Disorders still being researched

Question 11

What are the features of the ICD

Answer 11

• Free
• Contains all known diseases
• Codes disorders into families types and subtypes
• Section 5 is for mental health
• contains descriptions, symptoms and statistics

Question 12

Classic Study: Aim

Answer 12

• To see whether psychiatrist can accurately tell the difference between people who are sane and insane

Question 13

Classic Study: Procedure

Answer 13

• 8 Pseudo Patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals
• 12 Hospitals across 5 states of all types some overstaffed, some understaffed, state hospitals and privately owned
• All researchers reported to hear ‘Thud’, ‘Hollow’ and ‘Empty’
• Researchers were completely sane in the wards
• Had to find their own way out

Question 14

Classic Study: Results

Answer 14

• Found patients have only 6 mins with the doctors daily
• Nurses were in the offices 90% of the time
• Normal behaviour were seen as insane such as writing notes
• Staff found to abuse participants

Question 15

Classic Study: Conclusion

Answer 15

• Rosenhan states “it is clear we cannot distinguish the difference between sane and insane”
• All researchers disliked being in the asylums and said to make them feel ‘powerless’
• Leads to the DSM-II to be reformed

Question 16

Classic Study: Second Study

Answer 16

• One institute found out about the study and said that it wouldn’t happen
• Rosenhan told them he will send psuedo patients in the next 5 months
• Staff were told to rate 1-10 how likely a patient is a fake
• 139 PP were sent which 19 of were assumed to be fake by the hospital
• Rosenhan sent 0

Question 17

Classic Study: Generalisability

Answer 17

• 12 Hospitals is a small sample in a country as big as America
• Time Locked

Question 18

Classic Study: Reliability

Answer 18

• Was a standardised procedure whilst the pseudo patient were being trained however many of the procedures weren’t follow with even one researcher falling in love with one of the nurses

Question 19

Classic Study: Application

Answer 19

• Huge impact on mental health care with hospitals reviewing admissions and training staff
• Lead to the DSM being reformed

Question 20

Classic Study: Validity

Answer 20

• High ecological validity as it is a fiend experiment

Question 21

Classic Study: Ethics

Answer 21

• Hospital staff did not know about the study and therefore could not consent or no possibility to widthdraw
• Did protect confidentiality

Question 22

What are Symptoms

Answer 22

• A physical or mental issue that a person experiences which could indicate a condition

Question 23

What are Features

Answer 23

• Information about who could get the condition

Question 24

What is Schizophrenia

Answer 24

• Described as a break from reality
• Characterised by delusions, emotional disturbance and hallucinations
• A patient must have 2 of these symptoms for more than 6 months

Question 25

What are the Positive Symptoms

Answer 25

• Symptoms that adds to a person’s reality
• Delusions - the false ideas you believe despite evidence
• Hallucinations - seeing or hearing things that are not real
• Disorganised Speech - saying illogical things or speech that is unable to be understood
• Thought Insertion - thoughts are not their own but belong to someone else

Question 26

What are the Negative Symptoms

Answer 26

• Symptoms that takes away from a person’s reality and are the first symptoms to appear
• Anhedonia - reduced pleasure
• Avolition - reduced motivation
• Flattern effect
• Reduced speech

Question 27

What are the Cognitive Deficits

Answer 27

• Impairments of cognition
• Effects meta cognition such as reasoning, planning and abstract thinking
• Reduces processing speeds and attention

Question 28

What are the Features of Schizophrenia

Answer 28

• 1% of the worlds population suffers Sz
• 25% Recover fully
• 25% Will improve
• 25% Need intensive support
• 15% Hospitalised
• 10% Die
• Women 25-35
• Men 18-25