Clinical Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4D’s in Clinical Psychology
A
- A tool used to assess traits, symptoms and conditions
- Can help with identifying people seeking diagnosis
2
Q
What is Deviance and examples
A
- Behaviours that are views as unacceptable but do not break the law
- In some cultures people hearing voices is a gift from god however others its views as insane
- Homosexuality used to be a mental health condition and now it isn’t
- Example of deviance causing disorders is pedophillia
3
Q
What is Dysfunction and example
A
- Abnormal behaviour significantly interfering everyday tasks
- One part of Depression is dysfunction
4
Q
What is Distress and example
A
- An abnormal amount of happiness
- Negative emotions: anxiety, isolation
- measured by K10
- Hypochondriasis is where distress is prevalent in
5
Q
What is Danger and example
A
- Putting oneself or other around the individual in danger
- Nicotine Dependence is a disorder which danger is prevalent in
6
Q
What is Duration
A
- Suggested by T Davis 2000
- Schizophrenia diagnosis change depending on the duration of the symptoms
7
Q
What is a Classification System
A
- Creates a common language between clinical psychologists
- DSM published by the APA
- ICD published by WHO
8
Q
What are the features of the DSM-I
A
- 102 Conditions
- Based on Freudian Psychology
- Hysteria was used to strengthen hierarchy
9
Q
What are the features of the DSM-IV
A
- 410 Conditions
- 5 Axis
1) Mental Health
2) Personality Disorders
3) Medical Conditions
4) Psychological Factors
5) Daily Functioning - More culturally dependent
10
Q
What are the features of the DSM-5
A
- Axis removed
- 157 Conditions
- Introduced spectrums
- 3 Sections
1) Instructs reader how to use DSM and how to handle self report data
2) Disorders and diagnosis criteria
3) Disorders still being researched
11
Q
What are the features of the ICD
A
- Free
- Contains all known diseases
- Codes disorders into families types and subtypes
- Section 5 is for mental health
- contains descriptions, symptoms and statistics
12
Q
Classic Study: Aim
A
- To see whether psychiatrist can accurately tell the difference between people who are sane and insane
13
Q
Classic Study: Procedure
A
- 8 Pseudo Patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals
- 12 Hospitals across 5 states of all types some overstaffed, some understaffed, state hospitals and privately owned
- All researchers reported to hear ‘Thud’, ‘Hollow’ and ‘Empty’
- Researchers were completely sane in the wards
- Had to find their own way out
14
Q
Classic Study: Results
A
- Found patients have only 6 mins with the doctors daily
- Nurses were in the offices 90% of the time
- Normal behaviour were seen as insane such as writing notes
- Staff found to abuse participants
15
Q
Classic Study: Conclusion
A
- Rosenhan states “it is clear we cannot distinguish the difference between sane and insane”
- All researchers disliked being in the asylums and said to make them feel ‘powerless’
- Leads to the DSM-II to be reformed
16
Q
Classic Study: Second Study
A
- One institute found out about the study and said that it wouldn’t happen
- Rosenhan told them he will send psuedo patients in the next 5 months
- Staff were told to rate 1-10 how likely a patient is a fake
- 139 PP were sent which 19 of were assumed to be fake by the hospital
- Rosenhan sent 0
17
Q
Classic Study: Generalisability
A
- 12 Hospitals is a small sample in a country as big as America
- Time Locked
18
Q
Classic Study: Reliability
A
- Was a standardised procedure whilst the pseudo patient were being trained however many of the procedures weren’t follow with even one researcher falling in love with one of the nurses
19
Q
Classic Study: Application
A
- Huge impact on mental health care with hospitals reviewing admissions and training staff
- Lead to the DSM being reformed
20
Q
Classic Study: Validity
A
- High ecological validity as it is a fiend experiment
21
Q
Classic Study: Ethics
A
- Hospital staff did not know about the study and therefore could not consent or no possibility to widthdraw
- Did protect confidentiality
22
Q
What are Symptoms
A
- A physical or mental issue that a person experiences which could indicate a condition
23
Q
What are Features
A
- Information about who could get the condition
24
Q
What is Schizophrenia
A
- Described as a break from reality
- Characterised by delusions, emotional disturbance and hallucinations
- A patient must have 2 of these symptoms for more than 6 months
25
Q
What are the Positive Symptoms
A
- Symptoms that adds to a person’s reality
- Delusions - the false ideas you believe despite evidence
- Hallucinations - seeing or hearing things that are not real
- Disorganised Speech - saying illogical things or speech that is unable to be understood
- Thought Insertion - thoughts are not their own but belong to someone else
26
Q
What are the Negative Symptoms
A
- Symptoms that takes away from a person’s reality and are the first symptoms to appear
- Anhedonia - reduced pleasure
- Avolition - reduced motivation
- Flattern effect
- Reduced speech
27
Q
What are the Cognitive Deficits
A
- Impairments of cognition
- Effects meta cognition such as reasoning, planning and abstract thinking
- Reduces processing speeds and attention
28
Q
What are the Features of Schizophrenia
A
- 1% of the worlds population suffers Sz
- 25% Recover fully
- 25% Will improve
- 25% Need intensive support
- 15% Hospitalised
- 10% Die
- Women 25-35
- Men 18-25
