Criminal Procedure [the essentials] Flashcards
Important Constitutional Amendments
4th Amendment: no unreasonable search and seizure + Exclusionary Rule
5th Amendment: privilege against self-incrimination
6th Amendment: Right to:
-speedy trial
-public trial
-trial by jury
-confront witnesses
-assistance of counsel
8th Amendment: prohibition against cruel + unusual punishment/excessive fines
4th Amendment
No unreasonable search + seizure
Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
person is granted protection from unreasonable government searches
Search occurs when government conduct violates a persons reasonable expectation of privacy
Warrant Requirements
Search warrant must be
1) issued by a neutral magistrate
2) based on probable cause
3) describe the place and property to be searched with particularity
Warrantless search violates reasonable expectation of privacy = unlawful
Warrant Exceptions
ESCAPES
1) exigent circumstances
2) search incident to lawful arrest
3) consent
4) automobiles
5) plain view
6) evidence obtained from administrative searches
7) stop and frisk
Exigent Circumstances
1) officers are in hot pursuit or are in immediate danger OR
2) the evidence would spoil or disappear in the time it would take to get a warrant
Search incident to a lawful arrest
search occurs at the time a lawful arrest is made
scope of search limited to objects within reach of arrestee
Automobiles
If officers have probable cause to believe that a car contains contraband or evidence of a crime
Can search parts of the vehicle and containers inside that could reasonably contain the items for which there is probable cause
Plain View
1) officers are legally on the premises
2) the evidence is observed in plain view AND
3) there is probable cause to believe that the items are evidence of a crime or contraband
Stop and Frisk
Can stop someone if officer has a reasonable suspicion based on articulable facts that subject is or is about to be engaged in criminal activity
During Terry stop–officer can frisk a subject for weapons without a warrant but cannot initiate a search for evidence
IF frisk for weapons reveals objects whose shapes make their ID obvious–officer may seize objects
Public School Searches
warrant or PC not required
ONLY NEED REASONABLE GROUNDS
Held to be reasonable if:
(1) offers moderate chance of finding evidence of wrongdoing
(2) measures reasonably related to search objectives
(3) search not unnecessarily intrusive in light of age/sex of kid + nature of infraction
5th Amendment
Right against self-incrimination + Miranda
Provides that no person will be compelled to be a witness against themselves
Custodial Interrogation
Custodial: person is in custody when he reasonably believes that he is NOT free to leave
Interrogation: when police know or should know that their words or actions are likely to elicit an incriminating response
Any incriminating statement obtained asa result of custodial interrogation (suspect is in custody and subject to police interrogation) may not be used against suspect unless informed of their Miranda rights
Invocation of Miranda Rights
MUST CEASE INTERROGATION IF:
1) party affirmatively invokes right to remain silent (after substantial period of time–police can ho back and give warnings again and interrogate further)
2) party affirmatively invokes right to counsel
(cannot resume until lawyer is present, subject reinitiates the interrogation, or 14 days have passed since release from custody)
Miranda Violations
inadmissible in case in chief
but can be used to impeach D
Exceptions:
1) when publics safety is at risk
2) when suspect not aware questioner is an officer
3) bio questions for booking purposes