Criminal Procedure Flashcards
4th Amendement Warrant Requirement
The fourth amendment warrant requirement requires that searches are conducted pursuant to a warrant based on probable cause that the place to be searched contains the item to be seized and that the warrant is issued by a neural magistrate.
4th Amendment Standing
To assert a 4th amendment violation, an individual must have standing, meaning their own constitutional rights were violated.
To show standing, a person must have had a reasonable and legitimate expectation of privacy in the place that was searched or where the item was seized.
6th Amendment Right to Counsel
The sixth amendment right to counsel provides all criminal defendants with the auto right to counsel once formal adversarial judicial proceedings have commenced (i.e. formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, arraignment, and in some states an arrest warrant).
The right is offense specific. Representation by counsel on one criminal matter does not guarantee counsel for uncharged offenses.
6th Amendment Right to Jury Trial
The sixth amendment provides the right to trial by jury.
Where a sentence may be increased beyond the statutory minimum for a crime if additional facts are proved, the proof of those facts must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
Accomplice Liability
For a jury to convict a defendant of a substantive crime as an accomplice, the accomplice must have acted with intent to assist the principal in the commission of the crime and have the intent that the principal commits the offense charged.
When the substantive offense has recklessness or negligence as its mens rea, most jurisdictions hold that the intent element is satisfied where the defendant accomplice intended to facilitate the commission of the crime and acted with the requisite mens rea required for the underlying offense.
Armed Robbery Definition
Armed robbery is the taking of property from another by force or threat of intimidation, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property.
Arrest
The police may lawfully make an arrest where the law provides a basis for doing so.
Attempt
The model penal code and most criminal codes require that the prosecution prove that the actions went beyond mere preparation. Defendant’s conduct must be a substantial step towards the commission of a crime and is corroborative of his criminal intent.
Some courts apply the proximity test which requires showing that the conduct is proximate or dangerously proximate to committing the crime.
Attempted Armed Roberry
To establish the elements of attempted armed robbery, the prosecution must show that the defendant intended to commit an armed robbery and took some overt act in furtherance of the crime.
Automobile Exception
The automobile exception allows the police to search an automobile without a warrant where there is probable cause.
Beyond a Reasonable Dount
For a jury to find a defendant guilty, the state must prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt.
Burden of Proof
The due process clause of the constitution requires that the prosecution prove all elements of an offense against a criminal defendant beyond a reasonable doubt.
Burden of Proof - Motion for judgment of acquittal
a motion for judgment of acquittal should be only granted if the prosecution fails to present sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the defendant committed each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
Burglary
At common law, burglary is the breaking and entering of the dwelling house of another at night with the intent to commit a felony therin.
Breaking refers to a physical act allowing entry into the dwelling. This does not require excessive force or damage.
Entering requires that all or part of the defendant (or some object used by defendant) enter the dwelling.
A dwelling is a place where a person resides.
The defendant must have intended to commit a felony at the time he enters the dwelling, even if the felong is never completed.
Causation
The conduct must be the actual (but-for) and proximate (foreseeable) cause of the resulting death.
Competence
Due process prohibits the prosecution of a defendant if he is incompetent to stand trial.
Competence or fitness to stand trial refers to the defendant’s ability to understand the proceedings against him and assist in his own defense.
Defendant must have the present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of understanding and a rational understanding of the proceedings against him.
If the defense can make a bonafide doubt as to the defendant’s decision making, the court must hold a hearing to determine the defendant’s competence to stand trial. During this proceeding, the burden of evaluating competency is placed on the courts and court - appointed experts.
Conclusive Presumption
A jury instruction that creates an irrebuttable conclusive presumption that cannot be disputed or overcome by additional evidence is a per se violation of the due process clause.
Custodial Interrogation - Prison
The court has held that the release of a person from an interrogation back into his normal life in prison population ends the inherently compelling pressures of custodial interrogation
Custody Definition
Custody is determined by whether a reasonable person would fee that their freedom of movement is denied in a significant way.
Defense of Abandonment
generally abandonment is not a defense to the crime of attempt once the conduct goes beyond mere preparation.
Some jurisdictions recognize abandonment of an attempt before the crime is completed. It must be shown that the abandonment was completely voluntary and not made because of the difficulty of completing the crime or due to increased apprehension.
Defense of Duress
Duress is an affirmative defense that excuses a defendant from criminal liability if his conduct was committed in response to an unlawful threat or harm.
The threat of harm must cause the defendant to reasonably believe that the only way to avoid imminent death or serious bodily harm to himself is to engage in conduct that violates the law.
Duress is not available as a defense to any intentional homicide.
The defendant must prove the criminal violation occurred because of the threat and not for some other reason.
Under the MPC, the affirmative defense of duress is defined as a threat that a reasonable person would be unable to resist.
Depraved Heart Murder
In instances where a person recklessly causes the death of another, the individual may be charged with depraved heart murder if the person acted with extreme indifference to human life.
Double Jeopordy
the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment prohibits anyone from being prosecuted twice for substantially the same crime.
An individual may be prosecuted for more than one offense stemming from a single course of conduct when each offense requires proof of a fact that the other does not. in this case, convicting the defendant of both crimes would not violate double jeopardy.
Embezzlement
Embezzlement is the fraudulent conversion of the property of another by a person in lawful possession of that property.
the misappropriation of the property occurs while the defendant has possession of the property
Conversion is met when a person unlawfully converts property owned by another to his own use with the intent to permanently deprive the lawful owner of the property.
Exclusionary Rule
Under the exclusionary rule, evidence obtained in violation of the fourth amendment may not be used against the person whose rights were violated.
Failure to Miranda
If officers were required to read a suspect his miranda rights and failed to do so, the statements should be supressed