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Sergeant Exam > Criminal Investigations > Flashcards

Criminal Investigations Flashcards

1
Q

Why are the lines between the romance of crime solving and the reality sometimes blurred?

A

the process has intrigued people for generations and is the subject of many works of art.

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2
Q

How have the roots of historical CJ system impacted modern system of criminal investigation?

A

it originated in England with the Bow Street Runners and later London Metro Police. History in the U.S. includes Pinkerton Agency and the F.B.I.

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3
Q

What were some of the early advancements in forensic science?

A

serology (study of plasma fluids)
forensic dentistry
ballistics

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4
Q

coordination with prosecutor
expand role of patrol officer
use of fingerprints should be expanded
distinguish between cases that require more specialized investigation

A

RAND study

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5
Q

detectives and patrol contribute equally to solving burglary and robbery cases
a period of four hours total is all that is needed to close a case75% of burglary cases are suspended after two days due to a lack of leads
personnel are too reliant on victim information

A

PERF study

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6
Q 
Determine whether a crime has been committed
Gather information
identify MO
make an arrest if necessary
follow up on case afterwords
A

responsibilities of a successful investigator

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7
Q

May initiate the case by calling for specialized units
Initiate and complete the investigations of certain classes of crime
investigate high-volume crimes
assume initial responsibilities aid victims, evaluate scene, identify witnesses, suspects, evidence, protect the scene

A

role of a patrol officer in the investigative process

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8
Q

Thief catchers

A

persons recruited from criminal classes to aid law enforcement officials in locating suspects during Europe’s industrial revolution.

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9
Q

Bow Street Runners

A

Mr. Fielding’s People, the first well known investigative body in England, successful group of thief catchers

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10
Q

Bertillon System

A

a method of identification developed in Paris based on measurements such as skeletal size, ear shape, eye color

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11
Q

inductive reasoning

A

make an inference based on facts, takes us beyond what we know

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12
Q

deductive reasoning

A

based on specific facts used to establish proof

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13
Q

abduction

A

process of proposing a likely explanation for an event that can be tested, guides the accumulation of knowledge during the investigation

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14
Q

solvability factors

A

characteristics of case that demonstrate it is likely to result in case solution

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15
Q

relational databases

A

permit fast and easy sorting of large records

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16
Q

serology

A

procedure established to study and distinguish human blood stains

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17
Q

rouges’ gallery

A

compilation of descriptions, MO, hide outs, and associates of known criminals

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18
Q

field notes

A

document information as it is learned

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19
Q

Field Interview Cards

A

used to document interactions with a suspicious person

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20
Q

markers

A

call attention to an item at a crime scene and in a scene photograph

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21
Q

photos at a scene include at least what three views?

A

general, medium, close

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22
Q

what is the objective of the crime scene sketch?

A

to accurately portray the scene

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23
Q
  1. Baseline
  2. Triangulation
  3. Cross Projection
A

the three standard crime scene sketching methods

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24
Q

‘preliminary investigation

A

an initial inquiry by officers to establish facts of a suspected crime and to preserve any evidence related to that crime

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25
Q

crime scene

A

not only the location where the offense occurred, but any place where evidence may be discovered

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26
Q

Locard Exchange Principle

A

with contact between two items there will be an exchange

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27
Q

trace evidence

A

small bits of matter left behind

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28
Q

corpus delicti

A

the evidence that establishes that a crime has been committed

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29
Q

associative evidence

A

links a suspect with a crime

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30
Q

Flash description

A

A BOLO message

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31
Q

Latent evidence

A

Evidence not visible to the human eye

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32
Q

what should officers en route be aware of?

A

fleeing suspects on foot or in vehicles

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33
Q
  1. be aware while en route
  2. verify a crime occurred
  3. administer aid
  4. arrest suspect
  5. inform supervisor
A

duties of the first officer on scene

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34
Q
  1. Determine the facts of the crime
  2. identify the suspect
  3. aid in suspect’s arrest
  4. aid in prosecution
A

four objectives of evidence

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35
Q

Chain of custody

A

the accounting of evidence

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36
Q

crime scene report

A

a record of what was done at the scene to find evidence and reconstruct what happened

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37
Q

Amido black protein

A

an amino acid staining dye used to detect blood present with latent finger prints

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38
Q

Latent fingerprint

A

Also called a patent print. Made when oils transfer the pattern to a touched object

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39
Q

Plastic fingerprint

A

An impression, made when a material is touchednd a negative pattern left

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40
Q

Visible or dust print

A

When a material is touched and then left behind on a second object, after touching substances like oil, blood, flour, or ink

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41
Q

Criminal Investigative Analysis

A

profiling, identifying psychological characteristics surrounding the crime

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42
Q

Geoprofile

A

a three dimensional probability surface which depicts the offender’s most likely area of residence

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43
Q

Lineup

A

a witness is simultaneous with a number of individuals to identify

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44
Q

Relative judgement

A

Compare lineup photographs members with each other rather than to the memory of the offender

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45
Q

Absolute judgment

A

Witnesses compare the photograph only with their memory of what the offender actually looked like

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46
Q

trace evidence unit

A

identifies and compares types of trace materials including hair, textiles fibers,

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47
Q

the questioned document unit

A

examines and compares paper and surfaces including handwriting, printing, alterations

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48
Q

forensic chemistry

A

identifying chemicals, controlled substances, ink

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49
Q

toxicology

A

the examination of biological specimens

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50
Q

how long as fingerprinting been sued for crime fighting?

A

hundreds of years

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51
Q
  1. arches
  2. wohls
  3. loops
A

three general pattern groups of fingerprints

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52
Q 
powder
iodine
nitrate
superglue fuming
lasers
A

methods to identify fingerprints

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53
Q

DNA was first discovered when?

A

by scientists in the 1980s

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54
Q

cases involving questioned comments require what to compare handwriting?

A

a suspect document and an exemplar

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55
Q

is the use of eye witnesses a problem?

A

yes, over reliance causes false convictions

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56
Q
  1. Photo line-up
  2. line up
  3. show up
A

three identification procedures

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57
Q

probable cause

A

min amount of information necessary to make a reasonable person believe that a crime has been committed by a person who is about to be arrested

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58
Q

exclusionary rule

A

any evidence illegally attained will be excluded

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59
Q

the fourth amendment protects _________

A

people with a legitimate expectation of privacy

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60
Q

Mapp v. Ohio, 1961

A

applied the exclusionary rule to federal and state courts

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61
Q

Chimel v. California, 1969

A

limited search incident to arrest to the immediate area

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62
Q

affidavit

A

presentation of facts which are believed to constitute probable cause

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63
Q

search warrant return

A

an itemized inventory of items seized

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64
Q

Triggering conditions

A

A part of an anticipatory search warrant, a specific event that starts the validity of the warrant

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65
Q 
Consent searches
Existent circumstances
Incident to lawful arrest
Plain view vehicle
Stop and frisk
Open field
A

Exceptions to search warrant requirements

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66
Q

Under the U.S. Constitution citizens are guaranteed three classes of rights

A
  1. Privileges and immunities
  2. Due process of law
  3. Equal protection
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67
Q

the ____________ requirement is at the heart of a police officer’s legal ability to search

A

probable cause

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68
Q

Issued by proper official
issued for specific objects and places
issued on a basis of probable cause

A

specific requirements for a warrant to be valid

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69
Q

Graham v. Conner

A

federal standard of reasonableness in use of force cases

70
Q

physical force can be used to:

A

protect the officer or others
overcome resistance
prevent escape

71
Q

what makes force reasonable

A

at the time a reasonable officer with the same facts would have acted in the same manner

72
Q

severity of crime
suspect posed an immediate threat
actively resisted or attempted to evade arrest

A

key factors to determine reasonableness under graham

73
Q

Maximization

A

Exaggeration of evidence available telling the person that interrogator where she is guilty stressing the consequences of crime

74
Q

Coerced internalization

A

The technique of Maximization can lead to false confessions this occurs mostly in a highly suggestible and confused suspects who actually begin to believe that they’re guilty of the crime

75
Q

Admission

A

And incriminating statement that stops short of admitting guilt in the actual crime

76
Q

Confession

A

A direct acknowledgment by the suspect of his or her guilt in the commission of a specific crime or as being an integral part of a specific crime

77
Q

Think aloud interview and verbal probing techniques

A

Two major subtypes of cognitive interviewing

78
Q

Interview

A

A relatively formal conversation conducted for the purpose of obtaining information

79
Q

Interrogation

A

The systematic questioning of a person suspected of involvement in a crime for the purpose of obtaining a confession

80
Q

A key psychological factor contributing to successful interrogations is

A

Privacy

81
Q

Coerced compliant confessions

A

Fear tactics that include direct threats intimidation or actual physical abuse

82
Q

Overt information gathering

A

Personal interactions with witnesses suspects victims, usually done by the patrol division

83
Q

Covert intelligence gathering

A

Most common clues process of intelligence gathering

84
Q

Strategic intelligence

A

Provides investigator with information for long term planning, info about suspects capabilities and intentions

85
Q

Tactical intelligence

A

Targets activity of immediate importance to the investigator specifics about organizations and individuals

86
Q

Target selection
Data collection
Data analysis
Dissemination

A

Phases of intelligence gathering

87
Q

Collation

A

The process of comparing texts carefully

88
Q

Link analysis

A

A charting technique to show relationships between individuals and organizations using graphics

89
Q

Event flow analysis

A

Charting a brief description of an event

90
Q

Commodity flow analysis

A

Charting the logical flow of goods

91
Q

RISS projects

A

Six regional information sharing networks, Rocky Mountain information network

92
Q

Outside team

A

In a stake out the team of two or more officers designated as the arrest team

93
Q

Inside team

A

This team watches the inside of the stakeout location they also brief other officers and secure the location after

94
Q

Minimization requirement pertinent to electronic surveillance

A

Refers to the requirement that officers take every reasonable effort to monitor only those conversations that are relevant

95
Q

Explain the difference between criminal intelligence gathering and criminal investigation

A

Intelligence is defined as knowledge of past present or future criminal activity that results from the collection of information that when evaluated provides the user with a basis for rational decision-making criminal investigations or reactive in nature intelligence gathering is a proactive function

96
Q

Two pronged Aguilar test

A

Source of information is clear
Reasonable belief information is reliable
Then it can provide PC

97
Q

Scene conscious

A

Become aware of the situation and be prepared to take immediate action to preserve and document evidence

98
Q

Accidental death
Natural death
Suicide
Murder

A

Four modes of death

99
Q

What are the two categories of homicide?

A

Murder: purposeful unlawful killing
Manslaughter: deliberate killing involuntary or voluntary

100
Q

Tattooing

A

Pinpoint hemorrhages resulted from the discharge of un burned powder being deposited into the skin.

101
Q

Serial murder

A

Separate victims with a break go two days at least between the killings

102
Q

Mass murder

A

Four or more murders in a single incident

103
Q

Dying declaration

A

A statement made by the victim under the belief of eminent death regarding the manner of their death typically implicating a suspect

104
Q

Commercial robbery

A

Typically occurs at the end of the work week and during the evening and very early morning hours to go to target to the commercial Robert our stores and businesses located close to major thoroughfares especially banks and convenience stores

105
Q

Bank robbery

A

Represents a much greater property loss and other types of robbery but accounts for only 2% of all robberies

106
Q

Street robbery

A

The most common type of robbery also called mugging

107
Q

Residential robbery

A

Consider whether the most terrifying types of robberies because an armed intruder will break into a home and hold residents a gun or knife point often these begin his burglaries but convert to robberies of injury discovers that there someone home and chooses to use violence as a means of completing the theft

108
Q

Professional Robber
opportunistic robber
Drug addict robber
alcoholic robber

A

Conklyns well-known typology of robbers

109
Q

Binding material

A

Any material including strips of tape cloth strips wire rope used to incapacitate the victim

110
Q

Robbery motivation

A

Primary motivation is greed although some juvenile robbers motivated by peer influence and thrills

111
Q

Vehicle robbery

A

Becoming more common also include delivery vehicles taxicabs and buses

112
Q

Initial responsibility of first officers on scene

A

Arrived quickly and safely summon assistance wait for back up before entering cover the likely exit

113
Q

What is the most common type of robbery and the most commonplace of robbery

A

The most common type is of the individual most common place is on the way to and from your car

114
Q

Power reassurance rapist

A

Primary motivation of power over his victim accounting for estimated 81 percent of rapes the reported

115
Q

Power assertive rapist

A

When estimated 12% of rape attacks involves the assertive personality it is the desire of the suspect to demonstrate his manhood to the victim through sexual salt seldom plans as a tax and is opportunistic by nature

116
Q

Anger retaliatory rapist

A

Person who Vinces anger and frustration for the opposite sex by punishing them this category of rapist accounts for an estimated 5% of all rapes

117
Q

Anger excitation rapist

A

This type is the most dangerous has a strong propensity toward sadism prone to severely injured or murder his victims enjoys the victims response to the infliction of pain meticulously plans attack

118
Q

What is simple assault

A

Generally threats by one person to cause bodily harm or death to another

119
Q

Nonfamily abduction

A

A child is removed without authorization from his or her family by force or trickery it is the most complex and dangerous type of missing child case

120
Q

Family abduction

A

Generally occurs in conjunction with divorce and separation the noncustodial parent remove the child from the care of the custodial parent and flees

121
Q

Runaway

A

The third type of missing child case encountered by law enforcement voluntary runaway child is the most common

122
Q

Code Adam

A

A lockdown and response procedure at public buildings places and stores for rent reduction of a missing child

123
Q

Acute maltreatment

A

The child’s death is directly related to injuries suffered as a result of a specific incident

124
Q

Chronic maltreatment

A

The child stuff is record related to injuries caused by neglect occurring over extended period of time

125
Q

Battered Child syndrome

A

Defined as the collection of injuries sustained by a child as a result of repeated mistreatment or beating

126
Q

Munchhausen syndrome by proxy

A

Psychological disorder in which a patient fabricates symptoms of disease or injury and ordered under the medical test hospitalization and surgical treatment by proxy is medical attention to themselves by inducing illnesses in their children

127
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome

A

Diagnosis given for the sudden death of an infant one month to one years of age that remains unexplained after complete investigation including an autopsy examination of the scene and review of the victims medical family history

128
Q

Situational molester

A

Does not necessarily suffer from any specified psychological disorder but may commit such crimes because one of several external factors these include intoxication drug abuse mood or mental conditions or other social conditions

129
Q

Preferential molester

A

Has sexual desires focusing on children typically has a more identifiable psychological disorder

130
Q

fixated child molester

A

One who’s primary sexual orientations toward children and whose social sexual maturation develops as a result of unresolved conflicts in his or her development children of always been the focus of sexual interest this molester will probably not be a stranger to the victim

131
Q

The regressed child molester

A

Represents a clear departure from the primary orientation toward age mates the child becomes a substitute for an adult partner

132
Q

Battered Child syndrome

A

Collection of injury sustained by child as a result of repeated mistreatment or beating

133
Q

Retinal hemorrhaging in infants

A

For all practical purposes is conclusive evidence of shaken baby syndrome especially the absence of a good explanation

134
Q

Exploitation

A

The use of children for illegal activities such as prostitution and pornography

135
Q

Incest

A

Sexual relations between children and their parents or other relatives

136
Q

Child sexual abuse

A

The sexual molestation of children as well as seduction and statutory rape

137
Q

Child molester

A

A significantly older person who engages in any type of sexual activity with individuals legally defined as children

138
Q

Fungible goods

A

Items such as tools liquor clothing that are indistinguishable from others like them

139
Q

Check kiting

A

Use a fictitious checks drawn on nonexistent firm or person

140
Q

Pilferage

A

Stealing merchandise by the company’s employees

141
Q

Plastic workers

A

Professional criminals have experience in dealing with stolen credit cards

142
Q

Snitches

A

Amateur pilfers respectable person who do not perceive themselves as thieves that are systematic shoplifters you still merchandise for their own use

143
Q

Booster

A

An individual operating as part of an organized criminal gang committing organized theft

144
Q

Tin truck

A

Stolen auto parts transport vehicle

145
Q

Salvage switch

A

Thief

Urchins a wrecked vehicle for its title and vin

146
Q

Aggravated arson

A

Deliberate burning of property while creating an imminent danger to human life

147
Q

Simple arson

A

A lesser offense burning a property that does not result in a risk to human life

148
Q

A fire’s point of origin

A

Maybe the most critical phase of arson investigation because it includes the ruling out of natural or accidental causes finding out the point where the fire started

149
Q

Time span of the fire

A

Physical characteristics of the fire such a smoke direction flames distance of travel

150
Q

Arson plants

A

Preparations used to set the fire these include newspapers rags other flammable waste material

151
Q

Arson trailers

A

Materials used in spreading the fire including gunpowder racks moved from the liquid and also for mobile liquid spread out the same such as gasoline kerosene alcohol

152
Q

Alligatoring

A

The first of the pattern of crevices form of the burning of a wooden structure resembling the skin of an alligator this pattern reveals a minimal amount of time with alligator in large segments when the fires extinguished rapidly as a fire continues to burn the alley getting will become smaller with charring becoming deeper

153
Q

Arson for profit for revenge for vandalism for crime concealment pyromania

A

Motivations of the arsonist

154
Q

Fire triangle

A

Heat fuel oxygen

155
Q

Islamism

A

Set of ideologies holding Islam is not only religion but also political system in the modern Muslims must return to the roots of the religion and unite politically

156
Q

Evidence of participation exclusive access motive false statements

A

Evidence usually needed in arson cases for successful prosecution

157
Q

Define terrorism

A

Premeditated politically motivated violent action that targets noncombatants

158
Q

Mara salvTrucha

A

El Salvadorian gang ms 13

159
Q

Dependence factor

A

Drugs level of depends the fuel so users desire to consume more of a physiological dependence psychological dependence withdrawal symptoms and Drug synergy

160
Q

Designer drugs

A

Class of drugs that are specifically designed to emulate controlled substances such as ecstasy

161
Q

Pharmaceutical diversion

A

Taking medications legal Manufacturing for illegitimate means

162
Q

Scammers

A

Professional patients those who fraudulently attempt to obtain prescriptions for controlled drugs from doctors

163
Q

Bank methods

A

This basic technique the traffickers take their money to a bank conduct several transactions that of altering currency of small denominations for larger ones

164
Q

Smurfing

A

Trafficker provide several individuals or Smurfs with cash from drug sales each Smurf goes to a different banks and purchases cashiers checks in denominations of less than $10,000 the Smurfs then turn the chats over the second person who facilitates their deposit into domestic bank

165
Q

Computer scanning

A

Process of presenting sequentially changing information to an automated system to identify those items receiving a positive response

166
Q

Masquerading

A

One person assuming identity of an authorized computer user

167
Q

Data diddling

A

Changing data before during or input computers

168
Q

Trojan horse

A

Secret placement or alteration of computer instructions of the computer will tell a second computer how to perform an illegal function

169
Q

Treasury Department currency transaction report

A

Require that banks report cash transactions of 10,000 or more

170
Q

Double invoicing

A

A company orders merchandise from a foreign subsidiary at an inflated price

Sergeant Exam (2 decks)

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