Criminal Behaviour Flashcards
What were Farr and Gibbons’ seven categories of crime proposed in 1990?
Property Predatory, Property Fraudulent, Interpersonal Violence General, Interpersonal Violence Sexual, Transactional Vices, Order Disruption, and Mundane Crime.
What are the two types of crime according to the ONS?
Crimes against a person and crimes against society.
How many types of crime did the Victim Support System propose?
Over 20 specific types.
What are the key features of the amygdala?
It is made of grey matter, a collection of neuron cells packed into clusters of 13 nuclei. It is located in the medial temporal lobe, is part of the limbic system, and is neurally linked to the hypothalamus, the prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus. It plays an important part in emotional responses, decision-making, motivation, and social interactions
What are some studies to support the amygdala explanation?
- Coccaro - Intermittent Explosive Disorder, fMRI scan, high levels of amygdala activity when viewing angry faces
- Glenn - 17 psychopaths, fMRIs, distressing questions, link between psychopathy and reduced empathy in decision-making
- Gao - Longitudinal study, criminals showed no physiological arousal at fear stimulus, conditioning, causal relationship
- Gospic - Ultimatum Game, fMRI scans, heightened amygdala activity during an ‘offensive’ trade
- Pardini - 503 men, 56 aggressive since childhood had lower amygdala volumes
Who proposed the idea of inherited criminality in the 19th Century?
Lombroso
What are some studies to support the inherited criminality explanation?
- Raine - over double the concordance rate in MZ than DZ for MAOA
- Brunner - 28 Dutch family members, history of impulsive violence, genes that lead to low levels of MAOA
- Tiihonen - 900 Finnish offenders, low MAOA and CDH13, guessed 10% violent crime in Finland due to these abnormalities
- Caspi - Longitudinal, 1000 childhood to adulthood, 12% with low MAOA accounted for 44% of their crimes
- Crowe - Adopted children, those with bio criminal parent 38% more likely to fall into crime than without bio criminal parent
- Mednick - 15% of adopted criminal parent children commit crimes, 20% of bio criminal parent children commit crimes
What does CDH13 stand for?
Cadherin 13
Why does Findlay (2011) argue that crime is impossible to determine the origin of?
Crime is a social construct and thus impossible to define biologically.
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) is base don Novaco’s 1975 model and follows which three steps?
Conceptualisation, Skill Acquisition, and Application.
Describe the process of anger management.
Client attend in small groups, usually 2-hour sessions twice a week for 12 weeks, and session are often court-ordered in order to reduce their sentence. There is normally homework to complete.
What did Howell and Day propose before anger management to reduce the attrition (drop-out) rate?
A readiness-to-change test.
What are some studies to support anger management therapy?
- Ireland - 87 young men, 50 on SIT programme, 92% of these improved, 8% deteriorated, none of the 37 others changed
- Taylor & Novaco - Meta-analysis on 6 studies, found 75% improvement rate on those in SIT
- Trimble - 105 offenders whose poor emotional control predisposed them to crime, 9 sessions, improved control
- Landenberger & Lipsey - 58 CBT studies, presence of anger management vastly improved outcomes
Why did Howitt suggest anger management helps criminals to commit more crimes?
It helps improve their rationality and control, thus leading them to be able to commit better-thought out crimes without getting caught.
What did Rice suggest about psychopaths taking anger management?
That psychopaths were more likely to reoffend after anger management due to it helping them learn to manipulate better and raising their ego.
