Criminal Flashcards

1
Q

claim of XYY syndrome

A

individuals with XYY are more likely to become criminals, making them overly aggressive and lacking empathy

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2
Q

how many XYY births?

A

1 in 1000

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3
Q

can XYY syndrome explains gender differences in crime?

A

as XYY can only occur in males, this explanation can explain why there are more male criminals than females

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4
Q

supporting evidence for XYY syndrome

A

Thielgaard- found higher levels of aggression amongst males with XYY compared to males without

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5
Q

symptoms of XYY syndrome

A
  • lack of empathy
  • learning disability
  • overly aggressive
  • behaviour problems
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6
Q

opposing evidence for XYY syndrome

A

women can also commit crime, and cannot have XYY so it cannot account of criminal behaviour amongst women

XYY only occurs in 1 in 1000 male births , therefore can’t be used to explain all crimes committed by males

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7
Q

application of XYY syndrome

A

lead to useful biological treatment, such as hormone therapy which lowers levels of testosterone and lowers aggression

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8
Q

claim of PEN personality

A

high levels of psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism can explain criminality and these personality traits have a biological basis

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9
Q

define psychoticism

A

lacks empathy, aggressive. can be explained by hormones such as testosterone

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10
Q

define extraversion

A

outgoing and sociable. extraverts need greater external stimulation to raise cortical arousal

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11
Q

define neuroticism

A

emotionally unstable and irrational. neurotics have greater activation levels, meaning they are easily upset by minor stressors

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12
Q

can PEN personality explain gender differences in crime

A

psychoticism has been linked to high levels of testosterone, which is seen in higher levels in males. explains why there are more male criminals than females

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13
Q

what is a personality disorder?

A

when an individual’s way of thinking and feeling different significantly from those without a PD

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14
Q

define narcissistic personality disorder

A

has a need to be admired, and exploit others to get what they want

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15
Q

define antisocial personality disorder

A

often aggressive and doesn’t care about rules

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16
Q

define paranoid personality disorder

A

doesn’t trust others and takes criticisms personally

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17
Q

supporting evidence for PEN personality

A

Rushton and Chrisjohn- found relationship between extraversion, psychoticism and delinquency

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18
Q

supporting evidence for personality disorder

A

stone- found a link between PD’s and violent crime

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19
Q

opposing evidence for PEN personality

A

deterministic- personality is considered as biologically determined, suggests that a persons personality cant change and therefore criminality is unavoidable

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20
Q

application for PEN personality

A

useful bio treatment, such as hormone therapy which lowers testosterone and lowers psychoticism

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21
Q

claim of brain injury and amygdala

A

damage to certain areas of the brain could affect temperance, social judgement and control impulses

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22
Q

claim for the amygdala

A

damage to the amygdala can lead to antisocial behaviour, as it controls emotions

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23
Q

can brain injury and amygdala explain differences in crime?

A

doesn’t explain gender differences as either gender can experience a traumatic brain injury

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24
Q

what is the amygdala?

A

centre of emotions, atypical amygdala causes struggle to control emotions

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25
supporting evidence for brain injury and amygdala? (can be used for both)
raine- asymmetrical activity in amygdala, lower activity in PFC
26
opposing evidence for brain injury and amygdala?
deterministic- saying brain injury will lead to crime, which could be used as an 'excuse' by criminals to diminish responsibility
27
application for brain injury and amygdala?
can't explain gender differences, both genders can experience brain injury prevention programmes
28
claim of labelling and self-fulfilling prophecy?
antisocial behaviour is caused by labelling of individuals and them living up to the stereotype and fulfilling the prophecy of the label
29
4 aspects of labelling and SFP?
labelled treated differently internalise label live up to expectation
30
can labelling and SFP explain gender differences in crime?
stereotype of males more aggressive than females, lead to labelling of males as aggressive, internalise the label and live up to it
31
supporting evidence for labelling and SFP?
Jahoda- Ashanti people have expectations for personality due to day boys were born on. 5 years of crime records, 22% violent offences committed by Wednesday boys compared to 6.9% Monday boys
32
opposing evidence for labelling and SFP?
reductionist- not everyone lives up to the label (individual differences)
33
application of labelling and SFP?
explains gender differences in crime rates, males are stereotyped to be more aggressive, leads to fulfilling the prophecy
34
claim of SLT?
criminal behaviour is caused by observation and imitation of antisocial role models
35
ARRM applied to crime?
A- observing antisocial role model, need to identify with them R- retain details of anti-social behaviour, details of clothes that cover their face R- if able to, might replicate antisocial behaviour seen M- motivated through respect and excitement (external and self-reinforcement)
36
can SLT explain gender differences in crime?
males more likely to engage with violent media than girls, violent characters are mostly male
37
supporting evidence for SLT of crime?
Bandura- children imitate aggressive role models, particularly those of same gender
38
opposing evidence for SLT of crime?
not everyone imitates behaviour, individual differences- reductionist
39
application of SLT of crime?
can explain gender differences as more violent characters are male
40
3 pieces of evidence that crime is 'nature'
raine- asymmetrical activity in amygdala (structural differences) pardini- males with smaller amygdala are more likely to be psychopaths cannon and britton- aggression shown when stimulating cats amygdala
41
3 pieces of evidence that crime is 'nurture'
jahoda- 22% violent crimes committed by Wednesday boys, 6.9% by Monday boys bandura- children observe aggressive role models, especially the same gender Anderson and Dill- those who played violent video game were more aggressive than those who didn't play game
42
what is a cognitive interview?
technique to interview suspect or witness. it maximises accuracy of info gathered
43
4 aspects to cognitive interview?
reinstate context report everything change the order change perspective
44
define 'reinstate context'
encourage witness to recall specific cues such as how they felt and the weather
45
define 'report everything'
allow witness to freely recall the incident, trivial details can trigger important details
46
define 'change the order'
encourage witness to recall incident in reverse order to prevent schemas
47
define 'change perspective'
encourage witness to recall incident from another perspective, allows them to focus on aspects they hadn't thought of
48
supporting evidence for cognitive interview
fisher- trained detectives gained as much as 47% more useful info from witnesses
49
opposing evidence for cognitive interview
asking witness to recall from different perspective could encourage them to recall inaccurate presumptions
50
2 factors affective EWT?
post-event information | weapon focus
51
define 'post-event information'?
witness interviewed a lengthy period of time after event, may encounter info about event from media, leads to reconstruction
52
supporting evidence for post-event information?
Loftus and Palmer- people's speed estimated of car accident was affected by leading questions, which implants false memory of broken headlights HOWEVER- this was videos of car crash, not real life
53
opposing evidence for post-event information?
Yuille and Cutshall- real witnesses had detailed memories of the event and were not mislead by leading questions
54
define 'stress and arousal'
eyewitnesses are under great emotional stress when witnessing a crime
55
what is Yerkes-Dodson Law?
our performance becomes impaired when we are stressed and there is an optimal level of arousal for performance (bell shaped curve). medium level is most accurate
56
define 'weapon focus effect'
witnesses will focus on the weapon used to the detriment of other details e.g the criminal themselves
57
supporting evidence for weapon focus
Pickel- hairdressing salon, man walked in with money, nothing, or a raw chicken, or scissors. recall of individual was poorest when he was holding a gun and raw chicken
58
opposing evidence of weapon focus
Yuille and Cutshall- real witnesses had detailed memories of event and weren't mislead by leading questions
59
aim of Loftus and palmer
investigate whether leading questions would influence estimates of speed of vehicle among eyewitnesses
60
procedure of Loftus and palmer
experiment 1- 45 students shown 7 short film clips of traffic accident, 5-30 seconds long after each clip, asked to give account of what was seen given questionnaire about incident one critical question varied for pmts e.g. 'about how fast were the cars going when they... into each other?'. 9 had hit, 9 collided, 9 umped, 9 smashed, 9 contacted experiment 2- 150 students watched the film, given questionnaire, given 1 critical question