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Year 13 Psychology > Criminal > Flashcards

Criminal Flashcards

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1
Q

claim of XYY syndrome

A

individuals with XYY are more likely to become criminals, making them overly aggressive and lacking empathy

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2
Q

how many XYY births?

A

1 in 1000

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3
Q

can XYY syndrome explains gender differences in crime?

A

as XYY can only occur in males, this explanation can explain why there are more male criminals than females

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4
Q

supporting evidence for XYY syndrome

A

Thielgaard- found higher levels of aggression amongst males with XYY compared to males without

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5
Q

symptoms of XYY syndrome

A
  • lack of empathy
  • learning disability
  • overly aggressive
  • behaviour problems
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6
Q

opposing evidence for XYY syndrome

A

women can also commit crime, and cannot have XYY so it cannot account of criminal behaviour amongst women

XYY only occurs in 1 in 1000 male births , therefore can’t be used to explain all crimes committed by males

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7
Q

application of XYY syndrome

A

lead to useful biological treatment, such as hormone therapy which lowers levels of testosterone and lowers aggression

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8
Q

claim of PEN personality

A

high levels of psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism can explain criminality and these personality traits have a biological basis

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9
Q

define psychoticism

A

lacks empathy, aggressive. can be explained by hormones such as testosterone

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10
Q

define extraversion

A

outgoing and sociable. extraverts need greater external stimulation to raise cortical arousal

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11
Q

define neuroticism

A

emotionally unstable and irrational. neurotics have greater activation levels, meaning they are easily upset by minor stressors

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12
Q

can PEN personality explain gender differences in crime

A

psychoticism has been linked to high levels of testosterone, which is seen in higher levels in males. explains why there are more male criminals than females

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13
Q

what is a personality disorder?

A

when an individual’s way of thinking and feeling different significantly from those without a PD

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14
Q

define narcissistic personality disorder

A

has a need to be admired, and exploit others to get what they want

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15
Q

define antisocial personality disorder

A

often aggressive and doesn’t care about rules

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16
Q

define paranoid personality disorder

A

doesn’t trust others and takes criticisms personally

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17
Q

supporting evidence for PEN personality

A

Rushton and Chrisjohn- found relationship between extraversion, psychoticism and delinquency

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18
Q

supporting evidence for personality disorder

A

stone- found a link between PD’s and violent crime

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19
Q

opposing evidence for PEN personality

A

deterministic- personality is considered as biologically determined, suggests that a persons personality cant change and therefore criminality is unavoidable

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20
Q

application for PEN personality

A

useful bio treatment, such as hormone therapy which lowers testosterone and lowers psychoticism

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21
Q

claim of brain injury and amygdala

A

damage to certain areas of the brain could affect temperance, social judgement and control impulses

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22
Q

claim for the amygdala

A

damage to the amygdala can lead to antisocial behaviour, as it controls emotions

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23
Q

can brain injury and amygdala explain differences in crime?

A

doesn’t explain gender differences as either gender can experience a traumatic brain injury

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24
Q

what is the amygdala?

A

centre of emotions, atypical amygdala causes struggle to control emotions

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25
Q

supporting evidence for brain injury and amygdala? (can be used for both)

A

raine- asymmetrical activity in amygdala, lower activity in PFC

26
Q

opposing evidence for brain injury and amygdala?

A

deterministic- saying brain injury will lead to crime, which could be used as an ‘excuse’ by criminals to diminish responsibility

27
Q

application for brain injury and amygdala?

A

can’t explain gender differences, both genders can experience brain injury

prevention programmes

28
Q

claim of labelling and self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

antisocial behaviour is caused by labelling of individuals and them living up to the stereotype and fulfilling the prophecy of the label

29
Q

4 aspects of labelling and SFP?

A

labelled
treated differently
internalise label
live up to expectation

30
Q

can labelling and SFP explain gender differences in crime?

A

stereotype of males more aggressive than females, lead to labelling of males as aggressive, internalise the label and live up to it

31
Q

supporting evidence for labelling and SFP?

A

Jahoda- Ashanti people have expectations for personality due to day boys were born on.
5 years of crime records, 22% violent offences committed by Wednesday boys compared to 6.9% Monday boys

32
Q

opposing evidence for labelling and SFP?

A

reductionist- not everyone lives up to the label (individual differences)

33
Q

application of labelling and SFP?

A

explains gender differences in crime rates, males are stereotyped to be more aggressive, leads to fulfilling the prophecy

34
Q

claim of SLT?

A

criminal behaviour is caused by observation and imitation of antisocial role models

35
Q

ARRM applied to crime?

A

A- observing antisocial role model, need to identify with them

R- retain details of anti-social behaviour, details of clothes that cover their face

R- if able to, might replicate antisocial behaviour seen

M- motivated through respect and excitement (external and self-reinforcement)

36
Q

can SLT explain gender differences in crime?

A

males more likely to engage with violent media than girls, violent characters are mostly male

37
Q

supporting evidence for SLT of crime?

A

Bandura- children imitate aggressive role models, particularly those of same gender

38
Q

opposing evidence for SLT of crime?

A

not everyone imitates behaviour, individual differences- reductionist

39
Q

application of SLT of crime?

A

can explain gender differences as more violent characters are male

40
Q

3 pieces of evidence that crime is ‘nature’

A

raine- asymmetrical activity in amygdala (structural differences)

pardini- males with smaller amygdala are more likely to be psychopaths

cannon and britton- aggression shown when stimulating cats amygdala

41
Q

3 pieces of evidence that crime is ‘nurture’

A

jahoda- 22% violent crimes committed by Wednesday boys, 6.9% by Monday boys

bandura- children observe aggressive role models, especially the same gender

Anderson and Dill- those who played violent video game were more aggressive than those who didn’t play game

42
Q

what is a cognitive interview?

A

technique to interview suspect or witness. it maximises accuracy of info gathered

43
Q

4 aspects to cognitive interview?

A

reinstate context
report everything
change the order
change perspective

44
Q

define ‘reinstate context’

A

encourage witness to recall specific cues such as how they felt and the weather

45
Q

define ‘report everything’

A

allow witness to freely recall the incident, trivial details can trigger important details

46
Q

define ‘change the order’

A

encourage witness to recall incident in reverse order to prevent schemas

47
Q

define ‘change perspective’

A

encourage witness to recall incident from another perspective, allows them to focus on aspects they hadn’t thought of

48
Q

supporting evidence for cognitive interview

A

fisher- trained detectives gained as much as 47% more useful info from witnesses

49
Q

opposing evidence for cognitive interview

A

asking witness to recall from different perspective could encourage them to recall inaccurate presumptions

50
Q

2 factors affective EWT?

A

post-event information

weapon focus

51
Q

define ‘post-event information’?

A

witness interviewed a lengthy period of time after event, may encounter info about event from media, leads to reconstruction

52
Q

supporting evidence for post-event information?

A

Loftus and Palmer- people’s speed estimated of car accident was affected by leading questions, which implants false memory of broken headlights

HOWEVER- this was videos of car crash, not real life

53
Q

opposing evidence for post-event information?

A

Yuille and Cutshall- real witnesses had detailed memories of the event and were not mislead by leading questions

54
Q

define ‘stress and arousal’

A

eyewitnesses are under great emotional stress when witnessing a crime

55
Q

what is Yerkes-Dodson Law?

A

our performance becomes impaired when we are stressed and there is an optimal level of arousal for performance (bell shaped curve). medium level is most accurate

56
Q

define ‘weapon focus effect’

A

witnesses will focus on the weapon used to the detriment of other details e.g the criminal themselves

57
Q

supporting evidence for weapon focus

A

Pickel- hairdressing salon, man walked in with money, nothing, or a raw chicken, or scissors. recall of individual was poorest when he was holding a gun and raw chicken

58
Q

opposing evidence of weapon focus

A

Yuille and Cutshall- real witnesses had detailed memories of event and weren’t mislead by leading questions

59
Q

aim of Loftus and palmer

A

investigate whether leading questions would influence estimates of speed of vehicle among eyewitnesses

60
Q

procedure of Loftus and palmer

A

experiment 1-

45 students shown 7 short film clips of traffic accident, 5-30 seconds long

after each clip, asked to give account of what was seen

given questionnaire about incident

one critical question varied for pmts e.g. ‘about how fast were the cars going when they… into each other?’.

9 had hit, 9 collided, 9 umped, 9 smashed, 9 contacted

experiment 2-

150 students watched the film, given questionnaire, given 1 critical question

Year 13 Psychology (3 decks)

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