Crime Topic 5- crime prevention Flashcards
What are the 4 additional studies?
Zero tolerance policy -Bratton
Brown and borrows cctv
Eye poster - ernest jones
Routine activity theory -Cohen and Felson
What did the routine activity theory involve ?
There are 3 factors that that need to be apparent for crime to happen:
Suitable targets: things worth stealing
A motivated offender: someone who is able and willing to carry out crime
Absence of a guardian: someone or something that might deter the criminals.
If one is absent crime will not happen
What did Brown discover ?
Analysed the reported crime data in town centres of 3 UK cities, Birmingham, Newcastle, Kings Lynn before and after Cctv cameras has been introduced
The number of burglaries reported in Newcastle was reduced by 56% and the number of reports of criminal damage by 34%
What did Burrows discover?
Said that cctv displaces crime to another location, where there is no surveillance
Burrows reports a study of the installation of CCTV in four London Underground stations in an attempt to reduce robbery and theft. In the year following CCTV installation crime at the stations fell by 70%
Across the underground network as a whole fell by 38%
However, in the 15 closest stations, the fall in
crime rate was much lower at just 25%
suggesting that the criminals just moved to these
other stations.
What did Ernest -Jones discover ?
Laboratory studies have shown that images of eyes can cause people to behave more cooperatively.
Setting = university cafeteria
Posters containing messages to clear litter in a uni setting
IV = whether poster had eye images or flowers on them
DV = amount of littering
Found a 50% reduction in littering when the posters had eyes on them.
Congruent message - related to claaringthe litter
Incongruent message- unrelated to the subject
what did the zero tolerance policy involve?
there had been 3 waves of the zero tolerance policy, which had been based on the idea of broken windows theory.
what did the broken windows theory mean ?
the idea that disorder and crime are linked, where unattended disorder leads to breakdown of community controls, visible signs of disorder left unchallenged are more likely to breed further disorder, and lead to more offending.
what were the 3 elements to Wilson and Kellings essay?
- the history of policing and how the role of the police has changed over time in the past, police were there to assist communities in maintaining order
- broken windows theory
- suggestions for reducing crime
what were some of the suggestions that Wilson and Kelling suggested to reduce crime?
they suggested the cause of crime is disorder. which can either be physical, or social disorder.
disorder arises when people fear crime as they tend to avoid contact in the outside, and fail to challenge minor disorders eg. graffitti
when these minor crimes are unchallenged it can lead to more serious crime happening
in communities were residents feel safe their is a more chance of social interaction outside and more people will see if a crime is committed and challenge crime.
what was the policing in Newark ?
a programme described by Wilson and Kelling where police officers would be put out on foot patrol onto the streets
police officers didn’t like it as it meant they couldn’t react to callouts quick enough and they felt it was like a punishment
after 5 years their had not been a real deduction in crime rates
what was the impact of the policing in Newark?
the feeling of security in the community with the presence of officers meant people thought there was a reduction in crime and that the people were going out there houses more. as well as a more positive attitude of the police officers
how did the broken down windows theory affect the study ?
they said that the unattended vandalism of any kind would lead to breakdown of community controls meaning that people may modify their behaviour by avoiding certain areas, moving away, avoid challenging the behaviour.
what did Wilson and Kelling believe that they should do?
they believed that police should on low level crimes before it escalate something more serious
the police are key for public order they are recognised for their uniform and to focus on the areas that need the most care to be rebuilt again.
