CRIME STATS and PATTERNS OF OFFENDING (Ethnicity)

Question 1

What is the General Conclusion for OFFICIAL STATISTICS for ETHNICITY

Answer 1

• WHITE People are UNREPRESENTED in ALL STAGES of CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS whereas BLACK people and ASIANS are MORE LIKELY to Be CRIMINALSIED
• e.g STOP & SEARCH - BLACK People 7 TIMES MORE LIKELY Than White People and ASIANS are 2 TIMES MORE LIKELY Than WHITE People
• BLACK People 6.5 TIMES MORE LIKELY to COMMIT MURDER Than WHITE PEOPLE

Question 2

What is the General Conclusion for VICTIM SURVEYS for ETHNICITY

Answer 2

VS Provide MORE EFFECTIVE WAY of DISCOVERING ETHNIC DIFFERENCES In OFFENDING Since they INCLUDE QUESTIONS That ASK VICTIMS ABOUT ETHNICITY

• MUGGINGS - BLACK ppl MORE LIKELY to COMMIT this COMPARED to ANT OTHER GROUP and were SIGNIFICANTLY OVER REPRESENTED in VS

Question 3

What is the General Conclusion for SELF REPORT STUDIES for ETHNICITY

Answer 3

are Anonymous Questionnaires that ASK INDIVIDUALS ABOUT the CRIMES THEY have COMMITTED
- e.g. - ANY OFFENCE : HIGHEST RATE of OFFENCES was WHITE PEOPLE (42%)

• SRS CHALLENGE the VIEW that RATE of OFFENDING of BLACK ETHNIC GROUPS is HIGHER Than White –> INFORMATION SUGGESTS there’s BIAS in the CJS -> as OVERALL WHITE ppl MORE LIKELY to OFFEND BUT BLACK ppl MORE LIKELY to BE ARRESTED and IMPRISONED

Question 4

ETHNICITY - What do PHILIPS and BOWLING argue about POLICING?

Answer 4

PHILIPS and BOWLING (2012) - SINCE 1970’s there Have BEEN MANY ALLEGATIONS of OPPRESSIVE POLICING of MINORITY ETHNIC COMMUNITIES

Question 5

ETHNICTY - What is the ISSUE with STOP and SEARCH

Answer 5

• ETHNIC MINORITIES are MORE LIKELY than WHITE PEOPLE to be STOP and SEARCH -> POLICE can USE this POWER IF they HAVE ‘REASONABLE SUSPICION’
• Under TERRORISM ACT - POLICE can STOP & SEARCH WHETHER They HAVE REASONABLE SUSPICION OR NOT -> RESULTED in ASIANS being 3x MORE LIKELY
• ETHNIC MINORITIES are MORE LIKELY to THINK they Are BEING “OVER-POLICED and UNDER PROTECTED” + Have LIMITED FAITH In Police

Question 6

STATE + EXPLAIN the 3 Possible REASONS for DISPROPORTIONATE USE of STOP & SEARCH

Answer 6

1. POLICE RACISM - MACPHERSON REPORT (1999) about STEVEN LAWRENCE Murder - CONCLUDED There WAS INSTITUTIONAL RACISM WITHIN the MET POLICE. PHILLIPS and BOWLING - MANY OFFICERS Hold STEREOTYPES ABOUT ETHNIC MINORITIES As CRIMINALS -> LEADS to DELIBERATE TARGETING for STOP and SEARCH -> VIEWS UPHELD By ‘CANTEEN CULTURE
2. ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN OFFENDING - LOW DISCRETION: POLICE ACT on RELEVANT INFO About Offence
   HIGH DISCRETION: POLICE USE Their STEREOTYPES WHEN ACTING; DISCRIMINATION is LIKELY
3. DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS: ETHNIC MINORITIES are OVER REPRESENTED in POPULATION GROUPS who’re MOST LIKELY to be STOPPED

Question 7

ETHNICITY-Explain ARRESTS and CAUTION

Answer 7

ARREST RATE for BLACK ppl is 3.6x MORE than WHITE PEOPLE - HOWEVER are LESS LIKELY to RECEIVE a CAUTION
are MORE LIKELY to DENY an OFFENCE and EXERCISE their RIGHT to LEGAL ADVICE -> Highlights their DISTRUST In POLICE

Question 8

ETHNICITY - Explain PROSECUTION & TRIAL

Answer 8

CROWN PROSECUTION SURVEY (CPS) MORE LIKELY to DROP CASES AGAINST ETHNIC MINORITIES - PHILIPS and BOWLING - says DUE to CASES being PRESENTED to CPS BY POLICE Are BASED on RACIST STEREOTYPES
- BLACK PEOPLE are MORE LIKELY to ELECT for TRIAL BEFORE a JURY IN CROWN COURT Where they FACE FOUYGH SENTENCES AS they DON’T TRUST the POLICE

Question 9

ETHNICITY - Explain CONVICTIONS and SENTENCING

Answer 9

• BLACK DEFENDANTS are LESS LIKELY to be FOUND GUILTY -> SUGGESTS DISCRIMINATION in that POLICE and CPS BRIGNING WEAKER or LESS SERIOUS CASES AGAINSGT ETHNIC MINORITIES that are THROWN OUT of the COURTS

Question 10

ETHNICITY - Explain PRE-SENTENCE REPORTS

Answer 10

HUDSON & BRAMHALL - found that THESE ALLOW for UNWRITING DISCRIMINATION
- they FOUND ASIAN OFFENDERS were LESS COMPREHENSIVE and Suggested that THEY were LESS REMORSEFUL
these Places Bias in the Context of the ‘Demonising of Muslims

Question 11

ETHNICITY - Explain PRISON

Answer 11

• 2014 - Just over QUARTER of POPILATION in PRISON Were MALE from MINORITY ETHNIC GROUP
• BLACK PEOPLE - 4x MORE LIKELY to Be IN PRISION Than WHITE
• ALL MINORITY GROUPS have a HIGHER Than AVERAGE PROPORTION Of PRISONERS On REMAND -> ETHNIC MINORITIES are LESS LIKELY to be GRANTED BAIL

Question 12

HOW do LR’s LEA and YOUNG (1993) Explain DIFFERENCES In OFFENDING - how what Racism Led to , (Part 1)

Answer 12

• argue ETHNIC DIFFERENCES in STATISTICS REFLECT REAL DIFFERENCES in the LEVELS of OFFENDING By DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS
• believe CRIME is the PRODUCT if RELATIVE DEPRIVATION, SUBCULTURES, and MARGINALISATION
• RACISMS -> LED to the MARGINALISATION and ECONOMIC EXLCUSION of ETHNIC MINORITIES Wgo FACE HIGH LEVELS of UNEMPLOYMENT , POVERTY etc , ALSO the MEDIA’S EMPHASIS on CONSUMERISM PROMOTES SENSE of RELATIVE DEPREVATION by SETTING MATERIALISTIC GOALS that MANY are UNABLE to REACH THROUGH LEGITIMATE MEANS

Question 13

HOW do LR’s LEA and YOUNG (1993) Explain DIFFERENCES In OFFENDING - Response to Relative Deprivation (Part 2)

Answer 13

one RESPONSE to RELATIVE DEPRIVATION -> the FORMATION Of DELINQUENT SUCYLTURES -> PRODUCES HIGHER LEVELS of UTILITARIAN CRIME As a MEANS of Coping With It. These GROUPS are Also MARGINALISED and have NO ORGANISATIONS To REPRESENT Their INTERESTS -> LEADS to FRUSTARTION , which is EXPRESSED THROUGH NON UTILIRATIAN CRIME

Question 14

What do LR’s LEA and YOUNG (1993) CONCLUDE in Explaining DIFFERENCES In OFFENDING (Part 3)

Answer 14

Conclude the STATISTICS REPRESENT REAL DIFFERENCES In LEVELS of OFFENDING Because ETHNIC GROUPS and that THESE are CAUSED by REAL DIFFERENCES in LEVELS of RELATIVE DEPRIVATION and MARGINALISATION

Question 15

How are LEE and YOUNG CRTICISED for Explaining DIFFERENCES in OFFENDING

Answer 15

ASIAN ARREST RATES MAY be LOWER Than BLACK People as POLICE STEREOTYPE the 2 GROUPS DIFFERENTLY (Asians as PASSIVE and Black People as DANGEROUS)

Question 16

HOW do NEO MARIXST’s Explain DIFFERENCES In OFFENDING (short)

Answer 16

believe STATISTICS are SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS RESULTING From RACIST LABELLING and DISCRIMINATION in the CJS

Question 17

GILROY - HOW do NEO MARIXST’s Explain DIFFERENCES In OFFENDING

Answer 17

believes BLACK CRIMINALITY is a MYTH CREATED By RACIST STEREOTYPES. In REALITY these GROUPS are NO MORE CRIMINAL than ANY OTHER. But Because the POLICE ACT On these RACIST STEREOTYPES, ETHNIC MINORITIES are GREATER in OS
- argues ETHNIC MINORITITY CRIME can be SEEN as a FORM of POLITICAL RESISTANCE AGAINGST a RACIST SOCIETY and this RESISTANCE Has Its ROOTS in EARLIER STRUGGLES Againgst BRITISH IMPERIALISM. Their Anti-Imperalist STRUGGLES TAUGHT THEM HOW to RESIST OPRESSION Through Riots for example.

Question 18

HOW do LEA and YOUNG CRITICSE GIRLROY for Explaing DIFFERENCES In OFFENDING

Answer 18

• MOST CRIME is INTRA-ETHNIC , so it CAN’T be SEEN as ANTI-COLONIAL STRUGGLE AGAINGST RACISM. GILROY has ROMANTICISED STREET CRIME as REVOLUTIONARY

Question 19

HALL et al - HOW do NEO MARIXST’s Explain DIFFERENCES In OFFENDING

Answer 19

• argue the 1970s SAW a MORAL PANIC OVER BLACK ‘MUGGERS’ that SERVED the INTERESTS of CAPITALISM. the RULING CLASS are NORMALLY ABLE to RULE the SUBORDINATION CLASSES Through CONSENT, BUT in Times of Crisis this Becomes DIfficult.
• At the TIME British Capitalism FACED a CRISIS of HIGH INFLATION and RISING UNEMPLOYMENT which were PROVOKING Widespread UNREST and STRIKES.
• this MORAL PANIC was LINKED to the CRISIS -> BLACK MUGGER Myth was SERVED as a SCAPEGOAT to DISTRACT ATTENTION AWAY from TRUE CAUSE of PROBLEMS (CAPITALISM)

Question 20

HOW do DOWNES & ROCK CRITICISE HALL et al for Explaing DIFFERENCES In OFFENDING

Answer 20

• DOWNES & ROCK - argue they Are INCONSITENT in CLAIMING that BLACK STREET CRIME WASN’T RISING but that it Was RISING DUE to UNEMPLOYMENT. They DON’T SHOW HOW the CAPITALIST CRISES LED to a MORAL PANIC or PROVIDE EVIDENCE That the PUBLIC were PANACKING and BLAMING CRIME on Black Ppl