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Crime Psych homicide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the typical gender distribution of homicide victims in Canada?

A

in 2022 77% of homicide victims were male

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2
Q

What has been the trend in homicide rates worldwide over the past several hundred years?

A

Homicide rates have significantly decreased worldwide over the last several hundred years.

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3
Q

What is reactive homicide?

A

Reactive homicide, also known as ‘hot violence,’ occurs when an individual acts out violently in response to anger or provocation.

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4
Q

What defines manslaughter in legal terms?

A

Manslaughter is defined as a homicide that is neither planned nor deliberate often occurring in the heat of the moment.

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5
Q

What are the criteria for infanticide under Canadian law?

A

Infanticide requires that the killer is the mother, the victim is her infant under one year old, and the mother suffers from the effects of childbirth.

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6
Q

What is instrumental violence?

A

Instrumental violence refers to killing someone to achieve practical goals such as financial gain or eliminating a witness.

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7
Q

What distinguishes infanticide from NCRMD (Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder)?

A

In infanticide, the offender is found criminally responsible but receives a lesser sentence due to specific circumstances, unlike NCRMD where the offender is not held criminally responsible.

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8
Q

What is dominance violence?

A

Dominance violence aims to establish reputation and status often manifesting in less severe acts than killing.

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9
Q

What is the sentence range for second degree murder in Canada?

A

The sentence for second degree murder is life in prison with parole eligibility between 10 and 25 years.

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10
Q

What percentage of homicides in Canada are gang-related?

A

Gang-related homicides account for 20-25% of all homicides in Canada.

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11
Q

What is the maximum sentence for infanticide in Canada?

A

The maximum sentence for infanticide is five years in prison with no minimum sentence.

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12
Q

What is forward panic in the context of homicide?

A

Forward panic occurs when a group engages in excessive violence due to fear of future retribution.

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13
Q

What is the typical sentence for first degree murder in Canada?

A

The automatic sentence for first degree murder in Canada is life in prison with no parole eligibility for 25 years.

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14
Q

What is the most common method of homicide in Canada?

A

The most common method of homicide in Canada is shooting primarily involving handguns.

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15
Q

What are the typical characteristics of manslaughter?

A

Manslaughter is an unplanned and non-deliberate act often occurring in the heat of the moment.

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16
Q

What is the significance of understanding motives for homicide?

A

Understanding motives helps identify the psychological and social factors contributing to violent behavior.

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17
Q

What is the impact of geographical location on homicide rates in Canada?

A

Homicide rates tend to be higher in northern territories and prairie provinces compared to eastern regions.

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18
Q

What is the automatic sentence for first degree murder in Canada?

A

The automatic sentence for first degree murder in Canada is life in prison with no parole eligibility for 25 years.

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19
Q

What are the two types of homicide based on context?

A

Homicide can be classified as peacetime homicide, occurring when not at war, and wartime homicide, which includes deaths during conflicts.

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20
Q

What percentage of homicides in Canada are gang-related?

A

Gang-related homicides account for 20-25% of all homicides in Canada.

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21
Q

What types of homicides are automatically classified as first degree murder?

A

Homicides that automatically qualify as first degree murder include killing a peace officer, murder during a hijacking, and murder during a sexual assault.

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22
Q

What is the most common motive for homicide?

A

The most common motive for homicide is argument or quarrel.

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23
Q

What is reactive homicide?

A

Reactive homicide, also known as hot violence, occurs in the heat of the moment, often resulting from an argument.

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24
Q

How do psychological motives for homicide differ from police-reported motives?

A

Psychological motives often delve deeper into the underlying reasons for violent behavior beyond immediate circumstances.

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25
What is the concept of 'no apparent motive' in homicide cases?
'No apparent motive' refers to cases where the reasons for the homicide are unclear accounting for a small percentage of incidents.
26
What is the maximum and minimum sentence for manslaughter in Canada?
The maximum sentence for manslaughter is life in prison, but there is no minimum sentence unless a firearm is used, which carries a minimum of four years.
27
What are the most common motives for homicide according to police reports?
Common motives for homicide include arguments, settling debts, jealousy, frustration, financial gain, revenge, and involvement in the illegal drug trade.
28
What is the trend in peacetime homicide rates from the 1300s to present?
Peacetime homicide rates have steadily declined from the 1300s to the present.
29
What is the difference between instrumental violence and dominance violence?
Instrumental violence is motivated by tangible gains while dominance violence aims to establish reputation.
30
What is the historical trend in Canadian homicide rates?
Canadian homicide rates peaked in the 1970s and have since declined with the 2023 rate at 1.94.
31
What are the common methods of homicide in Canada?
The most common method of homicide in Canada is shooting primarily using handguns.
32
What is the legal classification for a mother who kills her infant under specific conditions?
Infanticide is legally classified when the mother suffers from postpartum issues at the time of the act.
33
What happens if an individual is deemed not fit to stand trial?
If deemed not fit to stand trial the individual cannot be tried or found guilty and may receive treatment until they are fit.
34
What is forward panic in the context of homicide?
Forward panic occurs when a group engages in overkill against an individual from a rival group due to an unconscious fear of future retaliation.
35
What is the impact of gang violence on overall homicide statistics?
Gang violence, while more visible, constitutes a minority of total homicides in Canada.
36
What is the role of reputation in dominance violence?
In dominance violenceindividuals may commit acts of violence to establish or maintain their reputation within a group.
37
What are the two components of first degree murder?
First degree murder involves premeditated planning and deliberate intention.
38
What is the difference between hot violence and instrumental violence?
Hot violence is driven by emotional reactions while instrumental violence is goal-oriented and premeditated.
39
What are the implications of classifying homicide as manslaughter?
Manslaughter often results from impulsive actions without premeditation leading to different legal consequences.
40
What distinguishes dominance violence from instrumental violence?
Dominance violence aims to establish reputation and can be less severe while instrumental violence seeks tangible gains and is usually more severe.
41
What is the relationship between the accused and victims in most homicide cases?
Most homicide victims are acquainted with their perpetrators with family relationships also being common.
42
What is the impact of group dynamics on sadistic behavior?
Group dynamics can amplify sadistic tendencies leading to more extreme acts of violence under social pressure.
43
What distinguishes second degree murder from first degree murder?
Second degree murder is characterized by deliberate intent without evidence of prior planning.
44
What geographical areas in Canada have the highest homicide rates?
The highest homicide rates in Canada are typically found in Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, followed by Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
45
What are the geographical regions in Canada with the highest homicide rates?
The highest homicide rates in Canada are typically in Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.
46
What role does emergency room care play in homicide statistics?
Improvements in emergency room care may confound homicide statistics by allowing more attempted homicide victims to survive.
47
What factors contribute to the decline of homicide rates in Canada?
Factors include improved emergency care, social changes, and law enforcement strategies.
48
What are common reasons for gang-related homicides?
Gang-related homicides often stem from territory disputes, financial gains, or retribution.
49
What is the relationship between the accused and the victim in most homicide cases?
The most common relationship between the accused and the victim is that of an acquaintance.
50
What is the distinction between first degree murder and second degree murder?
First degree murder involves premeditation while second degree murder is deliberate but lacks evidence of planning.
51
How has the gender ratio of homicide offenders remained consistent?
Approximately 80% of homicide offenders are men reflecting consistent patterns in gender-related violence.
52
What is the significance of reputation in dominance violence?
Reputation serves as a key motivator in dominance violence signaling to others that one is not to be trifled with.
53
How do societal norms influence perceptions of dominance violence?
Societal norms can shape how dominance violence is perceived often normalizing certain aggressive behaviors in competitive contexts.
54
What is the primary relationship between homicide victims and perpetrators?
The most common relationship is that of acquaintances followed by family relationships.
55
What is the trend of homicide motives over time?
Motives for homicide have remained relatively stable with common reasons being quarrels and financial disputes.
56
What is the most common type of homicide and its characteristics?
Reactive homicide, also known as hot violence, is characterized by emotional responses, often arising from arguments or quarrels.
57
How does forward panic manifest in gang violence?
In gang violence forward panic can lead to extreme overreaction against an individual from a rival gang due to anticipated retaliation.
58
What percentage of homicide victims in Canada are men?
Approximately 80% of homicide victims in Canada are men and boys.
59
What is the relationship between attempted homicides and homicide rates?
Declining attempted homicides can indicate improvements in emergency response and healthcare.
60
What factors influence the decision to charge someone with infanticide?
Factors include the mother's mental state during the act and the circumstances surrounding the killing.
61
What factors contribute to the severity of dominance violence?
Dominance violence can vary in severity often manifesting through less severe acts like humiliation rather than lethal actions.
62
What is the distinction between revenge and dominance violence?
Revenge is driven by a desire to retaliate for perceived wrongs while dominance violence seeks to establish power or status.
63
What is forward panic in the context of violent group behavior?
Forward panic occurs when a group overreacts violently against an individual from an opposing group due to an unconscious fear of future retribution.
64
What is the concept of overkill in violent acts?
Overkill refers to excessive violence beyond what is necessary to killoften involving mutilation and humiliation.
65
What is the link between emotional distress and violent behavior?
Emotional distress, such as anger or humiliation, can increase the likelihood of violent behavior in individuals.
66
What is the significance of distinguishing between hot and cold violence?
Distinguishing between hot (reactive) and cold (instrumental) violence helps understand the motivations and circumstances surrounding violent acts.
67
What role does fear of future retribution play in violent group behavior?
Fear of future retribution can lead groups to engage in preemptive violence against perceived threats.
68
What is the main difference between hot violence and cold violence?
Hot violence is emotional and impulsive while cold violence is premeditated and goal-oriented.
69
What is the significance of understanding different motives for homicide?
Understanding motives for homicide is crucial for effective prevention, intervention, and legal responses in criminal justice.
70
How does sadism relate to homicide motives?
Sadism is a rare motive where individuals derive pleasure from killing though it is not the primary cause of most homicides.
71
What is the potential outcome of sadistic behavior in groups?
Sadistic behavior in groups may manifest as momentary group sadism often triggered by panic or emotional responses.
72
How does the context of a situation influence the type of violence that occurs?
The context, including social dynamics and emotional states, influences whether violence is reactive, instrumental, or dominance-based.
73
What is the psychological impact of not being able to take revenge according to the revenge experiment?
When unable to take revenge, individuals often resort to alternative coping mechanisms like increased alcohol consumption.
74
What role do emotions play in reactive homicide?
Emotions, particularly anger, drive individuals to lash out violently during reactive homicides.
75
What psychological response is often observed in individuals who experience humiliation?
Humiliation can trigger feelings of anger and a desire for revenge which may lead to violent behaviors.
76
How does gang-related violence contribute to homicide statistics in Canada?
Gang-related homicides account for 20-25% of all homicides in Canada although they represent a minority of offenses.
77
What triggers the instinct for revenge in individuals?
The instinct for revenge is often triggered by feelings of humiliation, anger, or perceived injustice
78
How does the concept of revenge affect social interactions?
The desire for revenge can influence social behaviors and lead to cycles of violence if not addressed.
79
How does ideology play a role in motives for violence?
Ideology, such as in terrorism, serves as a motive for violence committed in the name of a cause or belief.
80
What is the common misconception about sadistic violence?
It is often misconceived that sadistic violence is a primary motive for most homicides whereas it is relatively rare.
81
What are the implications of emotional responses in reactive homicides?
Emotional responses often lead to impulsive actions that result in violent outcomes commonly seen in manslaughter cases.
82
What is the relevance of emotional intelligence in preventing reactive violence?
Emotional intelligence can help individuals manage their emotions and reduce the likelihood of engaging in reactive violence.
83
How does the concept of dominance violence apply to social hierarchies?
Dominance violence is often used to reinforce social hierarchies establishing power through intimidation or humiliation.

Crim, psych perspective (4 decks)

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