Crime, deviance and moral disciplining

Question 1

What happened to the relationship between the Church and the State after the Reformation?

Answer 1

-came together to enforce religious and social discipline

Question 2

Whats the name of the process where the State and the Church come together to enforce moral religious and social discipline?

Answer 2

Confessionalization

Question 3

What changes happens to society following the Reformation?

Answer 3

• New codes of social discipline and personal morality-encompassing every area of daily life
• Campaigns of secular and religious authorities blended
• Distinction between ‘sin’ and ‘crime’ blurred
• Both Catholic and Protestant Reformation aim to make everyone more godly, live more pious and moral life’s

Question 4

What type of activities does both Catholic and Protestant reformers want stopping?

Answer 4

carnivals and maypoles because they were seen as encouraging immoral behaviour

Question 5

How did society now view sexual activities?

Answer 5

period saw an increase in the regulation, suppression and punishment

Question 6

Following the growth of bureaucracy how did this affect society?

Answer 6

parishes began to keep records of marriages, mode of surveillance increased

Question 7

Why was female sexuality deemed particularly dangerous?

Answer 7

women were deemed to be ruled by their lust and passions

Question 8

What happened to prostitution during this period?

Answer 8

• cities in central and northern Europe closed brothels

- in some southern cities prostitution was licensed rather than closed

Question 9

How was homosexuality viewed?

Answer 9

• Sodonomy was regarded as a capital crime

- Homosexuality since the 13th century had been defined as a crime against nature

Question 10

How were reform strategies achieved?

Answer 10

religious indoctrination which was achieved in the establishment of schools

Question 11

What happened to secular courts during this period?

Answer 11

• dealt with a wider range of issues

- cases involved sexual sin and the full-scale moral reordering of all aspects of daily life

Question 12

What areas saw a greater increase in State and Church working together?

Answer 12

areas affected by the Protestant Reformation

Question 13

How did Calvinist’s view morality?

Answer 13

• they were obsessed with moral behaviour

- encouraged children to report on improper conduct within their own family

Question 14

What three fronts did reform movements tackle immorality?

Answer 14

• individual
• family
• community

Question 15

What does John Bossy argue?

Answer 15

Reformation brought a new interest in private sins, misdemeanours which were offensive to god rather than the wider populace

Question 16

How did Protestant communities tackle immorality at an individual level?

Answer 16

-emphasis on godly living and fear of gods wrath is illustrated by regular fasting and prayer sessions

Question 17

How did counter-Reformation Catholics tackle immorality at an individual level?

Answer 17

use of confessional boxes

Question 18

What does Susan Amussen argue?

Answer 18

regards the family as a major site of religious and moral indoctrination which impacted upon’s people’s behaviour

Question 19

What does Lyndal Roper argue?

Answer 19

• focusses on the impact of the Protestant Reformation within the craft workshops in Germany
• Re-enforced social laws (women, sexuality, patriarchy, household, production)

Question 20

How did the parish and village effect people’s lives?

Answer 20

• Reformation and the Counter-Reformation stressed the importance of the Parish as the key religious unit
• Increasingly encouraged by secular and religious authorities to keep surveillance over every aspect of domestic and social life
• Communal regulations was not always welcomed

Question 21

What does Ulinka Rublack argue?

Answer 21

• 16/17th century rulers wanted to prevent fornication in Germany
• Increased supervision of leisure activities
• Württemberg enforced sentences against people who had committed ‘crimes of the flesh’
• maidservants from outside the area were handed the worst punishment for fornication

Question 22

What does fornication mean?

Answer 22

sexual intercourse between people not married to each other and have no intention of marrying each other

Question 23

In Württemberg what was the punishment for fornication and which sex got the worst sentences according to Rublack?

Answer 23

• twelve to fourteen days’
• men were sentenced longer, suggesting that they were assumed to have a more active role in initiating intercourse, except in regard to spinners, seamstresses, and Swiss maidservants, who were represented as lewd and responsible for most illicit sex or pregnancy

Question 24

What does Rublack say are the reasons why desirous women posed a threat to society?

Answer 24

• Challenged parentally approved marriage of social equals ready to form their own households
• tempted men into sin, questioned their self-control and legitamcy of male dominance over women