crime - crime prevention

Question 1

describe the research of Newman

Answer 1

looked at 2 housing estates.
brownsville, small blocks around a courtyard housing 5/6 families.
van dyke, high rise flats.
van dyke had 50% more crime

Question 2

what is the zone of territorial influence

Answer 2

indicators that an area is private rather than public

Question 3

what is opportunities for surveillance

Answer 3

residents can easily see the common areas and each others properties and look after it

Question 4

what is image

Answer 4

the more anonymous a building is, the more public is seems

Question 5

what is meilieu

Answer 5

the larger the space around a building, the more public it seems, so you are less likely to suspect a stranger in a public place

Question 6

what are the principles of zero-tolerance policing

Answer 6

1. address all criminal acts
2. police officers should tackle even the lowest level of crime
3. low level crime can be tackled with low intensity crime

Question 7

research of dennis
(new york)

Answer 7

the initiative by Bratton emphasised tackling serious crime and low level crime. this was based off the broken window theory. 7000 new police officers, and asked to engage with the public. this lead to a huge fall in serious crime, and criminal acts were prevented rather than reacted to. there was an overall drop in crime rates of 37% in 3 years and a 50% drop in homicide.

Question 8

research of dennis
(hartlepool)

Answer 8

a town in the UK introduced ZTP on crime by Mallon. low level offenders were known to the police and were dealt with face to face. there was a 27% reduction in 2 years.

Question 9

alternative explanation to the research of dennis

Answer 9

there was a change of employment at the same time of the change of policy, so we can not be sure of cause and effect

Question 10

what is the broken window theory

Answer 10

if a window in a building is broken, and left unrepaired, all the other windows will soon be broken.

Question 11

method of wilson and kelling

Answer 11

an article published, looking the ‘safe and clean neighbourhood program’ describing features in neighbourhoods that can be linked to high incidents of crime, and developments made in policing.

Question 12

findings of wilson and kelling

Answer 12

1. when foot patrol was first introduced, it was negatively viewed by the police, over 5 years it had no positive effect.
2. residents felt that crime had reduced and were taking fewer behavioural precautions
3. foot patrol for officers improved moral and job satisfaction aswell as improved relations with their communities.
4. foot patrols help to maintain public order by improving relations, officers know who regulars and strangers are.

Question 13

zimbardos study into the broken windows theory

Answer 13

a car was abandoned with its hood up in the bronx and one in Palo Alto. the car in the bronx was quickly stripped and destroyed. the car in Palo Alto was untouched for a week. zimbardo partially damaged the car in PA and within hours the car was vandalised.

Question 14

conclusions of wilson and kelling

Answer 14

have more foot patrols who relate to the members of the community allowing public order to be maintained.
tackle low level crime.
minimise discrimination by officers.

Question 15

application - brown

Answer 15

brown found that CCTV reduced criminal and antisocial behaviour.
CCTV was placed in Birmingham, Newcastle and KingsLynn.
in Newcastle, burglaries reduced by 56% and criminal damage by 34%

Question 16

application - newman

Answer 16

have opportunities for surveillance
ensure estate is looked after and presentable
have fences showing private residence

Question 17

application - wilson and kelling

Answer 17

ensure zero tolerance policing - tackle low levels of crime