child - intelligence Flashcards
single factor definition
1904 - charles spearman:
people have general intelligence across all skills. half of your intelligence is explained via general cognitive ability (g) the rest by motivation or environmental influences.
multiple intelligence definition
1983 - Howard Gardner:
intelligence is not a single entity and can’t be measured in a single IQ test.
types of intelligence:
1. musical
2. visual
3. verbal
4. logical
5. kinaesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalistic
fluid v crystallised definition
1942 - cattell:
fluid - when you are born with the ability to work out questions/ riddles on the spot
crystallised - built up from the environment and nature overtime
bio factors which affect intelligence: the brain
Haier et al (2005)
A: to see if there is a neurological difference between brains of males and females
pps: 30 Americans (equal split)
after an MRI scan it was concluded intellectual ability is down to biology.
bio factors which affect intelligence: hormones
Van Goozen et al (1995)
A: if hormones affected intellectual abilities
pps: 35 F-M trans, 15 M-F trans
p: cognitive tests were taken before and after cross sex hormone treatment
R: F-M = increase in spatial awareness but decrease in verbal fluency. and vice versa ver M-F
bio factors which affect intelligence: Genetics
Kaufman: looked at the correlation between IQ of pps
MZ twins: 0.86
DZ twins: 0.55
siblings: 0.47
cousins: 0.15
closer related, closer IQ score
bio factors which affect intelligence: prenatal factors
use of cannabis during 1st trimester is linked to lower verbal reasoning.
use during 1st and 2nd trimester is linked to poor memory and low IQ
Glover: mothers with high stress levels had a lowere IQ
evaluation of the biological theory of intelligence
aim of Van Leeuwen et al
to investigate whether biological factors and/or environmental factors affect intelligence
method of Van Leeuwen et al
collection of mini case studies or a correlational study
participants of Van Leeuwen et al
214 families invited, 112 took part. each family had MZ or DZ twins and another sibling aged 9-14 and 2 parents. pps gathered from Netherlands twin registry.
procedure of Van Leeuwen et al
- all pps gave consent.
- test include cognitive tests and an MRI scan.
- children completed Ravens standard progressive matrices. adults completed ravens advanced progressive matrices.
results of Van Leeuwen et al
- no significant difference between IQ of sexes.
- higher correlation regarding IQ between MZ twins and DZ twins
- IQ of older sibling was higher
- 67% of of intelligence is explained by genetics and the rest by the environment
- the environment has a greater influence on lower IQ groups (9%)
conclusions of Van Leeuwen et al
- intelligence is largely influenced by genetics
- environment has a grater influence on children who are predisposed to a lower IQ
strengths of research into intelligence
+standardised equipment: Haier - fMRI scanner
+useful:
Glover - intervention during early childhood
